時(shí)間：2022-06-26 14:51:04
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一、利用“閱讀材料”樹(shù)科學(xué)家形象，學(xué)科學(xué)家精神
當(dāng)前中學(xué)生中不少人屬“追星族”成員，他們把影星、歌星的名字可以說(shuō)出一大串，每天嘴上談的是“星”的趣聞?shì)W事，身上著裝模仿的是“星”的裝束．但對(duì)于科學(xué)家，他們卻說(shuō)不出幾個(gè)名字，對(duì)科學(xué)家的方方面面，更是一無(wú)所知．造成這種現(xiàn)狀的原因之一是：電視、電影、雜志、畫(huà)刊中頻頻露臉的都是這些影星、歌星，而極少向這些天真的學(xué)生介紹科學(xué)家．所以他們沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)了解科學(xué)家，科學(xué)家的形象在他們心目中樹(shù)立不起來(lái)．
教科書(shū)中的“閱讀材料”介紹了牛頓、安培、法拉第……等眾多科學(xué)家的生平和事跡．我把這些材料與教學(xué)結(jié)合起來(lái)對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行思想、精神、道德、意志等方面的教育．
例如，當(dāng)講電磁感應(yīng)現(xiàn)象時(shí)，介紹法拉第的生平，介紹他勤奮學(xué)習(xí)，刻苦鉆研的精神；介紹他一生對(duì)人民做出的偉大貢獻(xiàn)．還指出，法拉第取得成功的一個(gè)重要因素是他重視實(shí)驗(yàn)，他的許多重要發(fā)現(xiàn)都是通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)獲得的．如電磁感應(yīng)現(xiàn)象、電解定律等．法拉第是偉大的物理學(xué)家和化學(xué)家，又是一個(gè)偉大的思想家．他對(duì)社會(huì)做出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)，受到人們的愛(ài)戴和稱頌．通過(guò)介紹，同學(xué)們既了解了法拉第，也從中學(xué)到了研究物理問(wèn)題的基本方法．
在教學(xué)中，我還針對(duì)有些學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)中存在著怕吃苦、不勤奮，又想取得好成績(jī)這種不切實(shí)際的想法，有目的地介紹科學(xué)家的有關(guān)事例．如：愛(ài)迪生為找做燈絲的最好材料，先后實(shí)驗(yàn)了1600多種材料；法拉第經(jīng)過(guò)十年不懈努力才找到了磁生電的方法；現(xiàn)在看到的歐姆定律公式那么簡(jiǎn)單，但是歐姆為了研究這個(gè)問(wèn)題，經(jīng)歷了多次失敗，花費(fèi)了十年心血，把數(shù)學(xué)和物理結(jié)合起來(lái)，最終才把電學(xué)中的三個(gè)量U、I、R之間的關(guān)系用一個(gè)完美的形式表達(dá)出來(lái)，即I＝UR．
學(xué)生從科學(xué)家的身上理解了“天才不過(guò)是百分之一的靈感加上百分之九十九的汗水”這句話的深刻含義．
“閱讀材料”有些是以故事形式出現(xiàn)的，風(fēng)趣生動(dòng)，很適合初中生年齡及生理特征，學(xué)生很喜歡聽(tīng)．每當(dāng)我介紹科學(xué)家后，總有一些學(xué)生進(jìn)一步追問(wèn)，想知道更多的情況．
學(xué)生從科學(xué)家身上學(xué)到的熱愛(ài)科學(xué)、實(shí)事求是、勤奮好學(xué)、刻苦鉆研的精神，正在成為學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的動(dòng)力，并有力地促進(jìn)了學(xué)生身心健康的發(fā)展．
二、利用“閱讀材料”學(xué)物理史實(shí)，受辯證法教育
學(xué)生在初中階段學(xué)習(xí)物理，大多數(shù)教師注重讓學(xué)生掌握的是教學(xué)大綱中規(guī)定的物理概念和規(guī)律，這使得學(xué)生對(duì)物理學(xué)發(fā)展的曲折歷史知道得很少．學(xué)生不了解所學(xué)知識(shí)的形成過(guò)程，這不利于學(xué)生對(duì)物理知識(shí)的深入了解．教科書(shū)在“閱讀材料”中對(duì)這方面內(nèi)容做了一些彌補(bǔ)．
如在熱學(xué)部分，“閱讀材料”介紹了歷史上對(duì)“熱的本質(zhì)的認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程”．學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)后知道了歷史上對(duì)“熱”有兩種不同的看法：一種把熱看成是一種特殊物質(zhì)，即“熱質(zhì)說(shuō)”；另一種認(rèn)為熱是物質(zhì)的某種運(yùn)動(dòng)形式．“熱質(zhì)說(shuō)”這種違背事實(shí)的觀點(diǎn)，曾一度被人們所承認(rèn)，后來(lái)科學(xué)家們通過(guò)對(duì)一些熱現(xiàn)象的細(xì)致觀察和反復(fù)的大量實(shí)驗(yàn)，證明了“熱”不是一種物質(zhì)，從而否定了“熱質(zhì)說(shuō)”，為分子運(yùn)動(dòng)論的發(fā)展開(kāi)辟了道路，為能量守恒定律奠定了基礎(chǔ)．
把歷史上不同學(xué)派間的爭(zhēng)論展示給學(xué)生，可以打破傳統(tǒng)的邏輯教學(xué)給學(xué)生留下的科學(xué)發(fā)展是直線前進(jìn)的印象，使學(xué)生了解到，科學(xué)發(fā)展史是一部理論與實(shí)踐交叉、失敗與成功并存的發(fā)展史．回顧歷史，還可以加深學(xué)生對(duì)物理概念的進(jìn)一步了解，同時(shí)對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行探索、開(kāi)拓精神方面的教育．
不同內(nèi)容的歷史，可以使學(xué)生得到不同方面的教育．例如利用“熱機(jī)發(fā)展史”可以向?qū)W生闡述這樣一個(gè)道理：各種機(jī)器的發(fā)明，是生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的必然產(chǎn)物，先進(jìn)機(jī)械設(shè)備的出現(xiàn)推動(dòng)了工業(yè)革命的發(fā)展，而工業(yè)革命的發(fā)展又帶動(dòng)了機(jī)器設(shè)備的不斷改進(jìn)．社會(huì)要前進(jìn)，科學(xué)發(fā)展永無(wú)止境．物理學(xué)史實(shí)中包含有深刻的辯證唯物主義原理，在教學(xué)中有意識(shí)地用辯證唯物主義觀點(diǎn)介紹物理學(xué)的某段歷史，可以使學(xué)生潛移默化地領(lǐng)會(huì)并接受辨證唯物主義．
三、緊密聯(lián)系實(shí)際，提高各種能力
近年來(lái)，初中物理教學(xué)經(jīng)過(guò)一系列的改革，教學(xué)質(zhì)量有了明顯的提高．但是還存在著許多問(wèn)題，其中之一就是物理教學(xué)在聯(lián)系生活、聯(lián)系社會(huì)、聯(lián)系技術(shù)等方面做的還不夠．造成學(xué)生知識(shí)面窄，知識(shí)學(xué)的死，影響了他們分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題的能力，降低了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)物理的興趣．“閱讀材料”廣泛收集了物理學(xué)聯(lián)系實(shí)際的事實(shí)．大到世界各國(guó)重視的能源問(wèn)題，小到家用電器；上到無(wú)線電波，下到海洋開(kāi)發(fā)；遠(yuǎn)到日本銀行大樓的日光鏡，近到?？吹碾娪捌鼈?cè)趯W(xué)生面前展現(xiàn)了一幅幅生動(dòng)的生活畫(huà)卷，把學(xué)生眼中用概念、公式堆積起來(lái)的物理變成了活生生的生活，活生生的物理．
在介紹“閱讀材料”中的“電冰箱”時(shí)，我特意把冰箱里里外外做了仔細(xì)的觀察，弄清了冰箱各個(gè)部分的位置、形狀、作用，還查閱了有關(guān)資料．課堂上我既結(jié)合汽化、液化講清了冰箱的原理，又給學(xué)生講了使用冰箱時(shí)節(jié)電的關(guān)鍵是，縮短開(kāi)機(jī)時(shí)間，延長(zhǎng)停機(jī)時(shí)間．要做到這一點(diǎn)，平時(shí)應(yīng)注意盡量少開(kāi)啟冰箱門(mén)，減少冰箱內(nèi)外的熱交換．還要注意冷凝器的通風(fēng)和清潔，以保證良好的散熱．我在講“海市蜃樓”時(shí)，把光的折射規(guī)律結(jié)合進(jìn)去；在講“不是老天爺顯靈，是建筑師的杰作”時(shí)，把回聲知識(shí)融進(jìn)去．從“閱讀材料”中，學(xué)生看到了生活中處處有物理，物理就在我們身邊．“閱讀材料”中講的物理知識(shí)并不深?yuàn)W，但使學(xué)生感到了知識(shí)的價(jià)值；使學(xué)生的知識(shí)面得到擴(kuò)展，激發(fā)了學(xué)習(xí)物理的興趣；使學(xué)生更加熱愛(ài)生活、熱愛(ài)科學(xué)．越來(lái)越多的學(xué)生主動(dòng)參與學(xué)校組織的物理實(shí)踐活動(dòng)．在學(xué)校，老師課堂上做的演示實(shí)驗(yàn)，學(xué)生總要利用課外時(shí)間，三三兩兩在教室、到辦公室重新操作，仔細(xì)觀察．在家中，學(xué)生找日用品作材料，親自動(dòng)手做課本上、習(xí)題中介紹的小實(shí)驗(yàn)．如：把縫衣服的鋼針磁化后做成指南針；用鉛筆芯做滑動(dòng)變阻器，觀察小燈泡亮度的變化和電阻的關(guān)系；利用音樂(lè)生日卡上的閃光二極管做單向?qū)щ妼?shí)驗(yàn)；還有制作潛望鏡、小天平……．在這些實(shí)踐活動(dòng)中，學(xué)生發(fā)展了思維能力，增強(qiáng)了動(dòng)手能力和理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的能力．
一、利用“閱讀材料”樹(shù)科學(xué)家形象，學(xué)科學(xué)家精神
當(dāng)前中學(xué)生中不少人屬“追星族”成員，他們把影星、歌星的名字可以說(shuō)出一大串，每天嘴上談的是“星”的趣聞?shì)W事，身上著裝模仿的是“星”的裝束．但對(duì)于科學(xué)家，他們卻說(shuō)不出幾個(gè)名字，對(duì)科學(xué)家的方方面面，更是一無(wú)所知．造成這種現(xiàn)狀的原因之一是：電視、電影、雜志、畫(huà)刊中頻頻露臉的都是這些影星、歌星，而極少向這些天真的學(xué)生介紹科學(xué)家．所以他們沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)了解科學(xué)家，科學(xué)家的形象在他們心目中樹(shù)立不起來(lái)．
教科書(shū)中的“閱讀材料”介紹了牛頓、安培、法拉第……等眾多科學(xué)家的生平和事跡．我把這些材料與教學(xué)結(jié)合起來(lái)對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行思想、精神、道德、意志等方面的教育．
例如，當(dāng)講電磁感應(yīng)現(xiàn)象時(shí)，介紹法拉第的生平，介紹他勤奮學(xué)習(xí)，刻苦鉆研的精神；介紹他一生對(duì)人民做出的偉大貢獻(xiàn)．還指出，法拉第取得成功的一個(gè)重要因素是他重視實(shí)驗(yàn)，他的許多重要發(fā)現(xiàn)都是通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)獲得的．如電磁感應(yīng)現(xiàn)象、電解定律等．法拉第是偉大的物理學(xué)家和化學(xué)家，又是一個(gè)偉大的思想家．他對(duì)社會(huì)做出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)，受到人們的愛(ài)戴和稱頌．通過(guò)介紹，同學(xué)們既了解了法拉第，也從中學(xué)到了研究物理問(wèn)題的基本方法．
在教學(xué)中，我還針對(duì)有些學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)中存在著怕吃苦、不勤奮，又想取得好成績(jī)這種不切實(shí)際的想法，有目的地介紹科學(xué)家的有關(guān)事例．如：愛(ài)迪生為找做燈絲的最好材料，先后實(shí)驗(yàn)了1600多種材料；法拉第經(jīng)過(guò)十年不懈努力才找到了磁生電的方法；現(xiàn)在看到的歐姆定律公式那么簡(jiǎn)單，但是歐姆為了研究這個(gè)問(wèn)題，經(jīng)歷了多次失敗，花費(fèi)了十年心血，把數(shù)學(xué)和物理結(jié)合起來(lái)，最終才把電學(xué)中的三個(gè)量U、I、R之間的關(guān)系用一個(gè)完美的形式表達(dá)出來(lái)，即I＝UR．
學(xué)生從科學(xué)家的身上理解了“天才不過(guò)是百分之一的靈感加上百分之九十九的汗水”這句話的深刻含義．
“閱讀材料”有些是以故事形式出現(xiàn)的，風(fēng)趣生動(dòng)，很適合初中生年齡及生理特征，學(xué)生很喜歡聽(tīng)．每當(dāng)我介紹科學(xué)家后，總有一些學(xué)生進(jìn)一步追問(wèn)，想知道更多的情況．
學(xué)生從科學(xué)家身上學(xué)到的熱愛(ài)科學(xué)、實(shí)事求是、勤奮好學(xué)、刻苦鉆研的精神，正在成為學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的動(dòng)力，并有力地促進(jìn)了學(xué)生身心健康的發(fā)展．
二、利用“閱讀材料”學(xué)物理史實(shí)，受辯證法教育
學(xué)生在初中階段學(xué)習(xí)物理，大多數(shù)教師注重讓學(xué)生掌握的是教學(xué)大綱中規(guī)定的物理概念和規(guī)律，這使得學(xué)生對(duì)物理學(xué)發(fā)展的曲折歷史知道得很少．學(xué)生不了解所學(xué)知識(shí)的形成過(guò)程，這不利于學(xué)生對(duì)物理知識(shí)的深入了解．教科書(shū)在“閱讀材料”中對(duì)這方面內(nèi)容做了一些彌補(bǔ)．
如在熱學(xué)部分，“閱讀材料”介紹了歷史上對(duì)“熱的本質(zhì)的認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程”．學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)后知道了歷史上對(duì)“熱”有兩種不同的看法：一種把熱看成是一種特殊物質(zhì)，即“熱質(zhì)說(shuō)”；另一種認(rèn)為熱是物質(zhì)的某種運(yùn)動(dòng)形式．“熱質(zhì)說(shuō)”這種違背事實(shí)的觀點(diǎn)，曾一度被人們所承認(rèn)，后來(lái)科學(xué)家們通過(guò)對(duì)一些熱現(xiàn)象的細(xì)致觀察和反復(fù)的大量實(shí)驗(yàn)，證明了“熱”不是一種物質(zhì)，從而否定了“熱質(zhì)說(shuō)”，為分子運(yùn)動(dòng)論的發(fā)展開(kāi)辟了道路，為能量守恒定律奠定了基礎(chǔ)．
把歷史上不同學(xué)派間的爭(zhēng)論展示給學(xué)生，可以打破傳統(tǒng)的邏輯教學(xué)給學(xué)生留下的科學(xué)發(fā)展是直線前進(jìn)的印象，使學(xué)生了解到，科學(xué)發(fā)展史是一部理論與實(shí)踐交叉、失敗與成功并存的發(fā)展史．回顧歷史，還可以加深學(xué)生對(duì)物理概念的進(jìn)一步了解，同時(shí)對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行探索、開(kāi)拓精神方面的教育．
不同內(nèi)容的歷史，可以使學(xué)生得到不同方面的教育．例如利用“熱機(jī)發(fā)展史”可以向?qū)W生闡述這樣一個(gè)道理：各種機(jī)器的發(fā)明，是生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的必然產(chǎn)物，先進(jìn)機(jī)械設(shè)備的出現(xiàn)推動(dòng)了工業(yè)革命的發(fā)展，而工業(yè)革命的發(fā)展又帶動(dòng)了機(jī)器設(shè)備的不斷改進(jìn)．社會(huì)要前進(jìn)，科學(xué)發(fā)展永無(wú)止境．物理學(xué)史實(shí)中包含有深刻的辯證唯物主義原理，在教學(xué)中有意識(shí)地用辯證唯物主義觀點(diǎn)介紹物理學(xué)的某段歷史，可以使學(xué)生潛移默化地領(lǐng)會(huì)并接受辨證唯物主義．
三、緊密聯(lián)系實(shí)際，提高各種能力
近年來(lái)，初中物理教學(xué)經(jīng)過(guò)一系列的改革，教學(xué)質(zhì)量有了明顯的提高．但是還存在著許多問(wèn)題，其中之一就是物理教學(xué)在聯(lián)系生活、聯(lián)系社會(huì)、聯(lián)系技術(shù)等方面做的還不夠．造成學(xué)生知識(shí)面窄，知識(shí)學(xué)的死，影響了他們分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題的能力，降低了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)物理的興趣．“閱讀材料”廣泛收集了物理學(xué)聯(lián)系實(shí)際的事實(shí)．大到世界各國(guó)重視的能源問(wèn)題，小到家用電器；上到無(wú)線電波，下到海洋開(kāi)發(fā)；遠(yuǎn)到日本銀行大樓的日光鏡，近到?？吹碾娪捌鼈?cè)趯W(xué)生面前展現(xiàn)了一幅幅生動(dòng)的生活畫(huà)卷，把學(xué)生眼中用概念、公式堆積起來(lái)的物理變成了活生生的生活，活生生的物理．
在介紹“閱讀材料”中的“電冰箱”時(shí)，我特意把冰箱里里外外做了仔細(xì)的觀察，弄清了冰箱各個(gè)部分的位置、形狀、作用，還查閱了有關(guān)資料．課堂上我既結(jié)合汽化、液化講清了冰箱的原理，又給學(xué)生講了使用冰箱時(shí)節(jié)電的關(guān)鍵是，縮短開(kāi)機(jī)時(shí)間，延長(zhǎng)停機(jī)時(shí)間．要做到這一點(diǎn)，平時(shí)應(yīng)注意盡量少開(kāi)啟冰箱門(mén)，減少冰箱內(nèi)外的熱交換．還要注意冷凝器的通風(fēng)和清潔，以保證良好的散熱．我在講“海市蜃樓”時(shí)，把光的折射規(guī)律結(jié)合進(jìn)去；在講“不是老天爺顯靈，是建筑師的杰作”時(shí)，把回聲知識(shí)融進(jìn)去．從“閱讀材料”中，學(xué)生看到了生活中處處有物理，物理就在我們身邊．“閱讀材料”中講的物理知識(shí)并不深?yuàn)W，但使學(xué)生感到了知識(shí)的價(jià)值；使學(xué)生的知識(shí)面得到擴(kuò)展，激發(fā)了學(xué)習(xí)物理的興趣；使學(xué)生更加熱愛(ài)生活、熱愛(ài)科學(xué)．越來(lái)越多的學(xué)生主動(dòng)參與學(xué)校組織的物理實(shí)踐活動(dòng)．在學(xué)校，老師課堂上做的演示實(shí)驗(yàn)，學(xué)生總要利用課外時(shí)間，三三兩兩在教室、到辦公室重新操作，仔細(xì)觀察．在家中，學(xué)生找日用品作材料，親自動(dòng)手做課本上、習(xí)題中介紹的小實(shí)驗(yàn)．如：把縫衣服的鋼針磁化后做成指南針；用鉛筆芯做滑動(dòng)變阻器，觀察小燈泡亮度的變化和電阻的關(guān)系；利用音樂(lè)生日卡上的閃光二極管做單向?qū)щ妼?shí)驗(yàn)；還有制作潛望鏡、小天平……．在這些實(shí)踐活動(dòng)中，學(xué)生發(fā)展了思維能力，增強(qiáng)了動(dòng)手能力和理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的能力．
問(wèn)題情境的創(chuàng)設(shè)要以課堂為舞臺(tái)，以思想品德教材及相關(guān)材料為載體，突出學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)主體地位，營(yíng)造一種適合學(xué)生探究的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境，通過(guò)學(xué)生主動(dòng)動(dòng)腦和動(dòng)手探究，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生收集、處理信息的能力，發(fā)展他們比較、分析、歸納、綜合、評(píng)價(jià)等探究性思維，最終學(xué)會(huì)如何學(xué)習(xí)。
創(chuàng)設(shè)問(wèn)題情境主要應(yīng)從以下幾方面著手：
一、營(yíng)造民主氛圍，張揚(yáng)個(gè)性
教育家陶行知曾指出：“行動(dòng)是中國(guó)教育的開(kāi)始，創(chuàng)新是中國(guó)教育的完成。”可見(jiàn)，學(xué)習(xí)的最終目的是學(xué)會(huì)創(chuàng)造，而學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新精神存在于學(xué)生問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生的過(guò)程中。思想品德教學(xué)呼喚“人文性”的回歸，學(xué)生是人，他們有獨(dú)立的人格，有靈敏的情感，教師在教學(xué)活動(dòng)中必須善于發(fā)現(xiàn)和開(kāi)發(fā)學(xué)生的才、情、志、趣，尊重他們的自尊心，調(diào)動(dòng)他們內(nèi)在的潛能，采取多種形式為學(xué)生創(chuàng)造積極主動(dòng)參與問(wèn)題情境的機(jī)會(huì)，啟發(fā)他們創(chuàng)造性地學(xué)習(xí)。
1.尊重學(xué)生的問(wèn)題意識(shí)，創(chuàng)設(shè)民主氛圍
21世紀(jì)呼喚創(chuàng)造型人才，如何有效地尊重學(xué)生的問(wèn)題意識(shí)，發(fā)展其創(chuàng)造能力，已成為教育工作者研究的重要課題。尊重學(xué)生的問(wèn)題意識(shí)，就是充分相信學(xué)生，千方百計(jì)地使學(xué)生成為問(wèn)題情境的主人。例如，我在分析“社會(huì)主義榮辱觀”時(shí)，先布置學(xué)生認(rèn)真閱讀材料，在此基礎(chǔ)上要求學(xué)生自己探究質(zhì)疑。學(xué)生提出了：“當(dāng)今社會(huì)提出社會(huì)主義榮辱觀的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義是什么？它與“三個(gè)代表”等黨的指導(dǎo)思想有何聯(lián)系？針對(duì)社會(huì)主義榮辱觀，我們青少年該怎么辦？”等問(wèn)題，我鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生圍繞各自提出的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)小組討論。在討論中，我有意識(shí)地把自己當(dāng)作學(xué)生的一員，參與他們的討論，從而縮短自己與學(xué)生間的心理距離，消除他們?cè)诩磳⑦M(jìn)行的課堂交流中可能出現(xiàn)的膽怯、害羞心理，進(jìn)而在民主、平等、和諧的教學(xué)氛圍中完成問(wèn)題情境的創(chuàng)設(shè)?？梢?jiàn)，我們?cè)谒计凡牧戏治鲋?，?yīng)尊重學(xué)生的問(wèn)題意識(shí)，使學(xué)生的主體意識(shí)覺(jué)醒，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生主動(dòng)參與，使他們的主體性得到充分發(fā)揮。
2.鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新意識(shí)，張揚(yáng)學(xué)生個(gè)性
個(gè)性發(fā)展教育是落實(shí)素質(zhì)教育的真正體現(xiàn)，它既強(qiáng)調(diào)面向全體學(xué)生，也強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體發(fā)展的自主性、差異性。個(gè)性在心理學(xué)上強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體之間的差異。個(gè)性差異是客觀存在的，作為創(chuàng)造力開(kāi)發(fā)者的教師，在教育活動(dòng)中，要?jiǎng)?chuàng)設(shè)輕松、自由的問(wèn)題情境，張揚(yáng)學(xué)生的個(gè)性，使學(xué)生在接受知識(shí)、發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題的過(guò)程中，形成對(duì)問(wèn)題的獨(dú)特認(rèn)識(shí)和見(jiàn)解。我在分析“小明與父親唱反調(diào)”一段材料時(shí)，要求學(xué)生針對(duì)逆反心理發(fā)表看法，一部分學(xué)生認(rèn)為逆反心理具有危害性；但也有少數(shù)學(xué)生認(rèn)為，逆反心理未必都錯(cuò)，有的反抗不無(wú)道理，學(xué)生中的好多道德問(wèn)題和心理問(wèn)題是家長(zhǎng)有意或無(wú)意造成的。在交流討論的過(guò)程中，我淡化了自己是說(shuō)教者和評(píng)判者的角色，尊重和保護(hù)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造性答案，用適度的寬容，調(diào)動(dòng)一切手段，為每個(gè)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)，讓他們?cè)趩?wèn)題情境的創(chuàng)設(shè)中學(xué)會(huì)動(dòng)腦、學(xué)會(huì)創(chuàng)造，讓他們感受成功的喜悅，使他們?cè)诮邮苤R(shí)和發(fā)展智力的過(guò)程中，逐步培養(yǎng)出獨(dú)立、完滿的主體人格。
二、激勵(lì)興趣，激活教材，強(qiáng)化感受性
居里夫人說(shuō)：“好奇心是學(xué)者的第一美德?！笨梢?jiàn)，興趣是學(xué)習(xí)、科研不斷前進(jìn)的推動(dòng)力。在思想品德課上，特別是在閱讀材料中，要強(qiáng)化主體的感受性，激發(fā)學(xué)生主動(dòng)、積極地探索教材，引疑設(shè)問(wèn)，使學(xué)生產(chǎn)生自覺(jué)學(xué)好思品的動(dòng)力。
1.于深層蘊(yùn)意處設(shè)疑
思品材料中往往蘊(yùn)藏著極深的含義，教師精心地引領(lǐng)設(shè)疑，將會(huì)增強(qiáng)學(xué)生主觀感受性，使他們積極主動(dòng)地探索材料主旨。如，在“社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段的主要矛盾”材料中，學(xué)生都理解了階級(jí)矛盾不再是主要矛盾，我抓住這點(diǎn)巧妙設(shè)疑：為什么階級(jí)矛盾不再是主要矛盾？這樣一問(wèn)，學(xué)生迅速進(jìn)入了積極的思維狀態(tài)，再聯(lián)系我國(guó)進(jìn)入社會(huì)主義的條件，最后得出了經(jīng)濟(jì)決定政治的結(jié)論。
2.于材料關(guān)鍵處引疑
所謂關(guān)鍵，就是材料的重點(diǎn)，即能表現(xiàn)主題或線索的字詞及語(yǔ)句。抓住關(guān)鍵引疑，能充分調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的積極性，由點(diǎn)到面，全面透徹地理解課文，牽一發(fā)而動(dòng)全身。我們必須重視抓住關(guān)鍵引疑，教會(huì)學(xué)生答題。具體方法是：（1）抓住材料中的主體等關(guān)鍵字詞。（2）把握材料題中問(wèn)與問(wèn)之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。例如，材料一：為整頓和規(guī)范市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序，我國(guó)先后頒布了消費(fèi)者權(quán)益保護(hù)法等法律。后又印發(fā)了《公民道德建設(shè)實(shí)施綱要》，強(qiáng)調(diào)要大力加強(qiáng)公民道德建設(shè)。材料二：當(dāng)前，在某些地方，假煙、假藥充斥市場(chǎng)，毒大米、毒油害人事件時(shí)有發(fā)生，虛假?gòu)V告泛濫，嚴(yán)重?cái)_亂了市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序。閱讀材料，運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)，回答下列問(wèn)題：①材料一反映了我國(guó)實(shí)施什么治國(guó)方略？②結(jié)合材料一，說(shuō)明應(yīng)如何解決材料二反映的問(wèn)題？③面對(duì)材料二中的現(xiàn)象，我們中學(xué)生應(yīng)如何做？其中第②問(wèn)的答案一要注意有哪些主體可以涉及問(wèn)題的解決，二要結(jié)合第①問(wèn)，從道德、法律角度回答。
3.于新知與舊知的比較中激疑
引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把新知與舊知作比較，可用舊知推新知，把新知納入原有的知識(shí)體系中去，不斷增長(zhǎng)知識(shí)信息量。如，學(xué)習(xí)“我國(guó)現(xiàn)階段的分配制度”時(shí)，我要求學(xué)生與原始、奴隸、封建、資本主義社會(huì)的分配制度作比較，并提出疑問(wèn)。經(jīng)過(guò)比較，有學(xué)生提出：同是分配制度，為什么在五個(gè)社會(huì)會(huì)產(chǎn)生如此大的差異？經(jīng)過(guò)熱烈爭(zhēng)論之后，學(xué)生理解了：產(chǎn)品如何分配是由生產(chǎn)資料歸誰(shuí)所有決定的。經(jīng)過(guò)這樣的比較，學(xué)生不僅懂得了五個(gè)社會(huì)的生產(chǎn)關(guān)系情況，而且懂得了生產(chǎn)關(guān)系中生產(chǎn)資料所有制是基礎(chǔ)。這樣的問(wèn)題情境激發(fā)了學(xué)生探究的濃厚興趣，強(qiáng)化了他們的主體感受性，誘發(fā)了他們學(xué)習(xí)的主動(dòng)性。
總之，在閱讀思想品德材料教學(xué)中，教師精心地創(chuàng)設(shè)問(wèn)題情境，巧妙引疑，一石激起千層浪，才能激發(fā)學(xué)生的興趣，學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)思品的主動(dòng)性、積極性才會(huì)與日俱增，從而收到事半功倍的效果。
參考文獻(xiàn)：
［1］車玲仙，費(fèi)國(guó)平.問(wèn)題教學(xué)法在思想品德教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用.思想政治課教學(xué)，2006（7）.
[Key Word] Reading interesting; reading material; literature reading; young adult literature; adolescence
[摘要] 當(dāng)前中學(xué)所普遍存在的英語(yǔ)文學(xué)閱讀狀況是:學(xué)生閱讀是為了完成老師布置的任務(wù)和應(yīng)付考試。當(dāng)閱讀滿足他們的這些任務(wù)后，他們的課外閱讀行為就停止。本文針對(duì)這種現(xiàn)象作了具體的原因分析，指出在國(guó)內(nèi)大部分中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中，閱讀材料是影響學(xué)生進(jìn)行英語(yǔ)文學(xué)閱讀的一個(gè)重要原因。回顧國(guó)外學(xué)者在這領(lǐng)域所做的理論和實(shí)踐研究，提出把青少年文學(xué)的特點(diǎn)和中學(xué)生所處發(fā)展時(shí)期的各方面的需求結(jié)合加以分析，采用把青少年文學(xué)作為課外閱讀材料這一教學(xué)方法。我們通過(guò)一系列的教學(xué)活動(dòng)如課外興趣小組，課外閱讀活動(dòng)，閱讀作業(yè)，培養(yǎng)和提高中學(xué)生英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)能力和文學(xué)閱讀興趣。作者對(duì)為什么以及如何運(yùn)用青少年文學(xué)讀物作為新型課外閱讀材料以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的興趣和情感進(jìn)行初步的討論， 以此引發(fā)更多的討論。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 閱讀興趣;閱讀材料;文學(xué)閱讀;青少年文學(xué);青少年時(shí)期
1. Introduction
As a rule， the teaching of reading in senior schools， both public and private， will move in one of two directions: up or down. When effectively taught， the study of reading can be the most exciting event of the adolescent student’s day. Young people can become deeply engrossed in what they read. They can respond with intensity and conviction.
Interests as factors in genuinely productive reading study are slippery elements indeed. Inventories provided to students in an attempt to discover what they prefer in reading materials can be， and often are， faked by the inventory takers. Thus， the discrepancy between what some young people claim they enjoy reading and what they will actually interact with can be a significant one. Furthermore， teachers must be ever mindful of the differences between their interest， taste， and enthusiasms for certain material selections and those of their students.
How about the situation of reading in senior schools in China? Most students are lack of interest and motivations in reading. The purpose of their reading is to pass the exam. As a result， the students do a little reading outside lessons. Why did these problems exsist?
2. Interest in Reading
In leading young people toward increased reading awareness， teachers used to consider the nature and extent of the interest factor on those efforts. Interesting are a two-edged sword. When positive， they can enhance teachers’ efforts to involve their students in the concern with reading materials and do so most significantly. When negative， however， they present a formidable obstacle to meaningful transaction taking place between texts and readers.
2.1The Status of Reading in senior Middle School
This is an accurate picture of the reading programs in many middle and secondary schools that still have students move chronologically through the literature anthology and choose the traditional classics as their outside reading. Most students are simply unable to connect the text with their goals， level of development and experience. Language development affects cognitive development and vice versa students at this age read at a much higher level of ability when they are reading something that matches their developmental interests and goals. Most students cannot read classic literature well [i.e， they cannot have personal involvement with it]. Students think of the literature as something they cannot understand; therefore， they think they are not intelligent inpiduals.
‘‘The result of the survey about the status of reading which were done by John S. Simmons reflected that Middle school and high school students often balk at display of overt enthusiasm for the selections they are asked to read in the class precisely because they are adolescents. To many of them， the fact that a work is on the required list means that it simply cannot be interesting. They will doggedly refrain from any display of enthusiastic or appreciate response despite the teachers ’creative efforts or the actual effect the work has had on them. ‘Boring’ become the operative judgment. In reading that categorical implacable judgment， they retain their cool demeanor， on which they value above all else. When faced with such study they often have melodramatic indifference.’’[1]p(20)
It seems that school have accomplished just the opposite of what they intended to do. They have turned students off from reading rather than made them lifelong readers. Teachers have failed to choose reading materials that enable students to become emotionally and cognitively involved in what they read. If students are asked to read literature that is not consistent with their development tasks， they will not be able to interact fully with that literature. As a result， students who do not interact with the literature are left with leaning only about literature.
“The same problems also exist in most senior schools in China. Students’ purpose of reading is only to finish the work given by teachers or pass exam. When they finish their work， they stopping reading， for they are asked to read the traditional classics that are chosen in order to complete the teaching mission. But the classics are written in a style and with syntax and vocabulary that are often quite foreign to students in senior middle school. So most students think of literature as something that is difficult for them’’.[2] I have talked to some teachers and students in senior middle school. I have found that most students appeal that their reading materials are difficult and not suitable for them. They can understand the meaning well. So they don’t like to read.
2.2 Factors That Affect Interest in Reading
“The key factor to determine reading is choosing suitable reading material to students. Obviously， there will be many students who will turn away from the task of studying literature because of inadequate competence in the necessary reading skill. Metaphoric expressions， for example， abound in all literary works， whether they are fictional， poetic， or dramatic. Such expressions are placed in those works to clarity indeed intensity， the meanings those works. When students are unable to establish precise relationships between metaphors and their referents， however， what was put there to clarity produces confusion instead. It doesn’t take many such experiences in missed communication to discourage or vex less able readers. Given the additional problem of these students’ probably limited attention spans， the options of giving up selection which is metaphoric are often the one taken. Even though the classics literature may speak to the universal human condition， young people have trouble relating because they have not experienced many of those human condition.
At the same time， some links need to be established between that ability and the interest. Interest in reading fluctuates widely before the age of sixteen， an age at which many students begin to think seriously about choices affecting their future: college， military service， industrial careers， dropping out of the academic scene altogether， and so forth. For most young people， interest in reading usually peaks between the age of twelve and fourteen. It is a period of intense， prolonged introspection in which the desire to raise and organize problems about self is at its height. It is a kind of limbo between a lost childhood and approaching adulthood. People at this age tend to be more interested in being alone with their lives. For some， reading fictions， especially novels which delve into the teenage experience， can be a source of comfort， challenge， stimulation， and escape. Young adult literature focuses on the nature and availability of literature with which youngsters at that difficult stage of their lives can identify.”[3]
John S. Simmons point out “People in these years are also capable of， and often involved in， deeper reflection that centers on abstract concepts: love， loyalty， fear， justice， betrayal， and the like. Obviously， their reading can feed this preoccupation， but the fare must be nourishing. In short， abstract thinking may contain a profound concern with interpersonal relationships， and reading can provide countless opportunities for them to view their problems from the detached prism of fiction.’’[4](p75)
‘‘Some of these interpersonal problems will be quite obvious. Some mention of them should be made.
1)
Problems related to communication with younger siblings， partially stemming from thirteen-year-olds’ desire that the ‘‘little people’’ regard them as adult-and these younger children’s irritating reluctance to cooperate;
2)
Problems related to the conflicting need to be accepted into a peer group;
3)
Problems which reside in thirteen-year-olds’ ambivalence toward members of the opposite sex (i.e， culture and peer pressure， clash with hormones). The gap between girls’ and boys’ relative immaturity exacerbates this greatly.
In all of the above， imaginative literature can become a source of excitement， revelation， guidance， and solace. Teachers as guidance counselors can be of great personal assistance to adolescents in their struggles. The movement of middle school curricula toward an emphasis on the personal and social identities of early adolescents， rather than on the cultural heritage into which they will someday be assimilated， provides a whole new niche for literature to occupy， one in which its relevance to the nature of the early teenage years can be maximized.’’[5](p75-76)
3. The Possibility and Practicality of Using Young Adult Literature as Reading Materials for Outside Reading
Teachers in senior middle school are usually responsible for introducing the study of literature to their students: Young Adult Literature can serve as an excellent vehicle for such an introduction. Teachers in senior middle school who deal with students of lower ability， non-academic motivations， and limited cultural backgrounds should also consider the use of Young Adult Literature to provide insight into the nature of literature study for those inpiduals. Young Adult Literature seems to offer an abundant and valuable resource to teachers who want to guide their students through this transition.
3.1 The Character of Young Adult Literature
Donelson and Nilsen offer the definition of Young Adult Literature:‘‘ any book freely choose for reading by some one in this age group’’.[6]p(2) Later it was defined as ‘literature written or marketed primarily for teenagers; Books to whose main characters the teenagers can personally relate; stories with an uncomplicated， often single plot line; books with plot that address the concerns of the young adults; literature that attracts a young adult readership’[7]p(2) Compared with the definition offered by Nilsen and Donelson， this definition is more specific and comprehensive. In recent years， Young Adult Literature is also considered as ‘books written for adult， about young adult and liked by young adults’ and more and more teachers prefer to match young adult books with classics bearing similar themes; thus， the genre of Young Adult Literature is further expanded.
As a reading material， young adult literature has many common characteristics: conflicts are often consisted with the young adult’s experience， themes are of interest to young people， protagonists and most characters are young adults， and language parallels that of young people. It is simply written in a natural， flowing language much like the way in which the young adults speak. Young adult literature is usually shorter. The young adult can finish in a comparatively short time without feeling tired and bored. This will guarantee an engaged and efficient reading. And Young Adult Literature is graded reading materials meeting young people’s different level intellectual development.
3.1.1 Young adult’s emotional development
‘‘Adolescence and preadolescence are difficult， unsettled periods for young people. They are no longer children. They are no yet adults. It is a time of change: a time for physical growth， sexual awareness， emotional and cognitive development. As young people move through these experiences or stages， they seem to be so alone in their struggle. But few of young people asked their parents and other adults to help them through their difficult period in their lives. Reading books helps young adults in their journey –their rites of passage—into adulthood. Books provide experiences that may help young adults through their adolescent years. Providing young people with Young Adult Literature not only in the bookstores but also in the class is imperative if we want adolescents to read about more experiences than they could have on their own. In addition， this literature serves young people in their struggle with identity， with their relationships with adults， and with their choices， which often suggest their concern with moral questions of right and wrong.’[8](p25)
3.2 Effective and Positive Influence
‘‘Young adult literature provides enjoyment， satisfaction and literary quality while it brings life and hope and reality to young people. The wide range of topics in Young Adult Literature such as friendship， death， porce， alienation， sibling rivalry， peer cruelty， racism， hostility and egocentricity， even struggle， conflict and feeling of the futility and hopelessness of life dramatize life in unfamiliar environments as experienced by characters of the learner’s own age. And therefore stimulate learners in encouraging self-expression and idea exploration. In this way， literature enlarges the students’ knowledge and understanding of human behavior for it exhibits thoughts and feelings which are often concealed in real life. Students， on the other hand， bring their unique life experience and world look when coming to read a text in class. Their confirming， revising or refuting the original outlook after confronting the writer’s view enable them to come up with a new understanding of the world .Then they will share their readings with their peers and teachers and reshape their understanding if needed. This aesthetic stance of reading is quite different from the traditional way of reading in that the former allows readers to have a virtual experience， living in the story world， connecting with characters， being emotionally involved while the latter focuses on looking for facts defined by Rosenblatt as ‘efferent reading’ which actually prevents learner from achieving the power of English expression.
Young Adult Literature is an attractive and motivational reading source that will satisfy the young adults’ reading interest at a particular age and help develop youngsters’ reading proficiency. Over a long period of time， Chinese young learners have been usually recommended to read some classic adult literature in simplified various which are considered as unappealing or out-dated. Young Adult Literature is a bridge between children’s literature and adult literature. It reflects a unique yet universal period of biological change and development for each human being.’’[9](p21-22)
3.3 Students Own Response
When Sullivan asked her students for information about their reading interest and habit， a ninth student said: ‘I love to read， but I hate literature’. He suggested that what he was reading in school had nothing， or at least very little， to do with him. He told us that his book report offered some relief because he could usually choose something that he knew how he would like， but what he read in the classroom was as he called it ‘dumb’.[10]P(156)
The details those students offer support the previous summary most have a very exciting experience with literature during their elementary schooling， but the break in this happy experience comes as they enter junior high or middle school.
There is obviously a wide chasm between what the school offers for students to read and what the students want to read in reading program. Students have had fewer experiences—and for some， no experience at all—in such areas as marriage and porce， ambition， greed and hate， so it is more difficult for them to make honest responses about what meaning is true for them. In contrast， when the book has a teenager as the protagonist and other young adult characters， the balance of knowledge and the authority that is brought in that reading is changed. Young adult are more easily able to evaluate the characters， their problems and the resolution of these problems.
4. The Power of Young Adult Literature Reading
One of the key reasons for students’ low interest in English learning is lack of the attractive and coherent reading material. Reading material which are used in the school are exam-oriented and boring which may hinder the students enthusiasm for learning English. Simultaneously， affect plays an important role in the learning English and English teaching should arouse the learners’ interest and motivation. The influence of Young Adult Literature reading materials in stimulating the learners’ love of reading and English learning from the prospect of affective factors is obvious. The qualitative evidence further proves that students really enjoy reading and sharing what they read with the peers. Benefits of other kinds from the Young Adult Literature reading are also obvious; such as increased vocabulary， faster reading speed and better reading comprehension. More encouraging is the fact that the majority of students are determined to read continuously after the experiment.
5. Using Young Adult Literature Materials outside Class in Senior Middle School---The Teaching Procedure
Outside reading promotes the initiative activity with the students. It is not forced by teaching missions. Students can choose the reading materials which they are interested in. As the counselors， teachers have to teach students how to ensure an effective outside reading.
5.1 Selecting Reading Materials
Choosing the appropriate reading materials is a key factor to the students’ love of reading. A very important part of the appropriate materials selection for any English or language is age appropriate. Day and Bamford state that ‘‘getting students to read extensively depends critically on what they read. The reading materials must be both easy and interesting. If the books do not appeal to most of the class， then all the efforts will be in vain.’’[11](P49) It seems appropriate to offer a minimal reminder as we select a novel for study as an example of what can be done in a response-centered class. If we expect students to have sufficient experience for a response， they must be able to relate in some manner to the assigned literature.
Karolides states the significance of using appropriate reading materials: ‘‘the language of a text the situation， characters， or the expressed issues can dissuade a reader from comprehension of the text and thus inhibit involvement with it. In effect， if the reader has insufficient linguistic or experiential background to allow participation， the reader cannot relate to the text， and reading act will be short-circuited.’’[12]) (P132)
In practice of selection， students can be invited to skim the information about a book around the book cover. Use the information in the picture， the famous critiques， the plot summary， the table of contents， the classified category， ect， to make guesses about what they are going to read is an efficient way to select interesting book.
Therefore， teachers must find the interesting， attractive and enjoyable materials that are personally significant to our students and that are within their linguistic ability.
5.2 Conducting Group-discussion
It is best， however， to allow students to lead the discussion of the novel. This approach teaches students that they can function with self-sufficiency and without teachers influencing their responses.
‘‘Small-group discussions may give students an opportunity to discuss some of their most important responses before sharing them in the large group. The small groups may also be used to allow students to further explore the general response that they shared in the large group. Students often feel less threatened in small groups and are more willing to explore ideas in that setting. Like large groups， smaller groups must have rules of behavior that enable students to function effectively in the interaction. Students must feel secure with their responses， and they must responses to others. They will recognize similarly among all of the responses.’’[13]
‘‘The teachers’ listening skills are crucial in this initial phase. As students react， you may need to make follow-up statements， questions， or acknowledgments to help them clarify， justify， or elaborate on their ideas. If the discussion drags， use generic question early in the discussion and more content-specific question later in the process. Try to keep these questions at a minimum and emphasize the teachers’ spontaneous reaction to students’ response because reactions are much more meaningful to students， and they help move the discussion on using students’ ideas rather than teachers’.
Here are some questions types to elicit students ’response:
Questions requiring students to remember facts:
Describe…
List…
What…?
Questions requiring students to prove or disprove a generalization made by someone else.
Would someone like to comment on that point?
OK. Anybody wants to add to what…said?
Question requiring students to derive their own generalizations.
How did you feel at the end of the story?
What did it mean to you?
Anything you want to talk about?
Questions requiring students to generalize about the relation of the total work to human experience
What …mean? / What is the author saying by….?
What is the significance of the statement…?
Question requiring students to carry generalization derived from the work into their own lives.
What were your first associations?
Can you relate the story to anything in your own experience?’’[14](p31)
5.3 Performing a Creative Drama
Role-play and improvisation expand the boundaries of experiences for students so that they develop a more complete understanding of themselves and the literature they are reading. Through role-playing and improvisation， students are able to think as characters would think and act as characters would act. Students take on a persona different from their own and work at making that character come alive as they perceive what that character would be like if he or she was real.
5.4 Writing a Book Report
“Responding reports including book report， the journal， the narrative， the personal essay， help students to become personally involved with the literature. They begin by having students make personal responses. After students have read and written about the novel on a personal level， they are ready to move to a more ‘intellectual’ level. They now think about the author’s craft: what strategies and techniques did the author use to generate the responses students have?
Responding reports also integrate reading and writing. Students can enjoy the totality of the novel by responding to the ideas presented and by understanding the techniques used by the author. Their thoughts about a particular issue or a question are a novel change as they move through the first draft of that paper. Many say that they use the journal in making these initial drafts. The very act of writing triggers other new responses. Some ideas are abandoned; other is expanded. Students feel more at ease when responding to a work in this way because they are in control of how they respond: how they structure their responses， what they include， and what they omit. As a result， they will grow in their understanding of their novel in particular and of literature in general.’’[15]
5.5 Reading management
Whether young Adult Literature can be used successfully as English outside reading materials largely depends on skillful management of the teachers that should be alert to avoid the old-ways of teaching. Traditional approach in teaching emphasizes close reading of the text with all the historical and cultural clues removed to find the only correct meaning in the text. Experienced teachers have with needed the degree to which motivation， whatever its origins， can lead to over learning by students who otherwise lack needed reading skills or broad sophistication in facing certain works of literature. When they are genuinely turned on， it is amazing what some youngsters can accomplish in the classroom. Conversely， well-prepared teachers usually find only frustration when they present works to indifferent groups， no matter how high the quality of those works are.
“Wang Xiaoping suggests that the following methods are effective:
1)
Using a familiar literary source or a song， a poem， a picture， a book cover， etc. to lead students into the text;
2)
Allowing students a quiet reading of partial text;
3)
Revealing just enough facts about the text to arouse students’ interest in the new work;
4)
Relating in discussion the text themes to students’ present concerns. [16](p30)
Positive teachers create enthusiastic readers. Creative oral and written activities with young adult literature have a positive effect on young people. Teachers must create within each class a positive atmosphere， a way of life conductive to promoting reading through positive affect. Positive teachers are realistic but always look for the best in their students. Teachers have an important role in fostering this reader response. They also share in the responsibility of helping students with their developmental tasks， growing moral judgment， and reading appreciation. The teacher participates in the discussion as an ordinary reader but also as a facilitator
Encourage students to talk extensively
Help students makes a community of meaning
Talk turns talking
Don’t interrupt
Ask. Don’t tell
Give comments， but be nice
Affirm students’ responses
Encourage reluctant readers
The affective studies of Rosenthal and Jacobsin showed that teacher’s positive attitudes toward the learning capabilities of students designated as likely to make substantial gains did， in fact help teachers provide a learning environment where those students prospered.[17](p49) We believe that creative oral and written activities with young adult literature have a positive effect on young people.
6. Conclusion
Young Adult Literature with its special features is considered as the reading material for the students in senior middle school. Its effective power is very helpful for the students. The teachers who work in some way with young people require familiarity with the characteristics of this age group. It is important that teachers know about young adult literature. In the western countries， reading literature is one of the most important courses in the school. In addition the relationships between teachers and students and teaching material are free and active. They can choose the teaching materials which they are interested in and change the teaching courses or ways freely. So they taught young adult literature to students in the classroom. The situation in China is similar. Different from the native speakers， the students in China do little literature reading because of the difficulty and cultural difference. Most teachings are done only for exams and teaching missions. So in China we have greater difficulties in promoting the use of young adult literature for outside reading.
So far， the research in this field is comparatively limited. Young adult literature is not available in most of the schools and most teachers find it difficult to put it into practice. And we have a lot of practical problems to solve. Nevertheless， if we keep on trying a practice we will fine more effective ways to enhance our students’ English interest and improve reading abilities.
Bibliography
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[7] Sullivan，A.M.. The natural reading life: A high school anomaly. [M] english Journal， 80(6)， [M]40-46.1991
[8] Karolides， N.J. The Transactional Theory of Literature. In N.J.Kaolides(Ed.)，reader response in the classroom [M] 1992
論文資料的收集是論文寫(xiě)作的基礎(chǔ)工作,俗語(yǔ)說(shuō),“巧婦難為無(wú)米之炊。”說(shuō):“詳盡地占有材料,在馬克思列寧主義的一般原理的指導(dǎo)下,從這些材料中引出正確的結(jié)論?！?《選集》第3卷第801頁(yè))著名歷史學(xué)家陳垣主張“竭澤而漁”,即搞一個(gè)研究課題,應(yīng)把這個(gè)課題的有關(guān)資料全部搞到手,要“一網(wǎng)打盡”。托爾斯泰寫(xiě)《戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與和平》,有關(guān)參考書(shū)就看了700多種。姚雪垠寫(xiě)《李自成》,從有關(guān)史書(shū)中摘抄了10000多張資料卡片。這些事例和看法,充分說(shuō)明資料是論文寫(xiě)作的基礎(chǔ)。如果論文選題好,作者水平高,若沒(méi)有資料仍是很難寫(xiě)出論文的或?qū)懖缓玫?。論文作者的新?jiàn)解,也是建立在大量豐富的資料基礎(chǔ)上。資料是我們先輩或他人的研究成果,是攀登科學(xué)高峰的階梯。論文資料從何而來(lái)呢?一是從圖書(shū)、期刊、檔案資料中去搜集;二是從國(guó)內(nèi)外已有的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)上去搜集,如因特網(wǎng)等;三是從社會(huì)和專業(yè)實(shí)踐中去搜集,搜集有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)、實(shí)例、典型經(jīng)驗(yàn)等;四是通過(guò)科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)搜集,搜集實(shí)驗(yàn)的數(shù)據(jù)、方法、步驟、結(jié)果等;五是從有關(guān)專業(yè)與學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議上去搜集,搜集最新觀點(diǎn)、最新材料、最新研究成果等。怎樣比較系統(tǒng)和全面地收集與占有資料呢?一是圍繞主題全面收集。論文題目確定之后,就應(yīng)根據(jù)題目的范圍收集資料,對(duì)范圍內(nèi)的資料應(yīng)盡量進(jìn)行收集。為了掌握這一問(wèn)題的來(lái)龍去脈,應(yīng)對(duì)這一問(wèn)題的歷史、現(xiàn)狀、去向的資料進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)收集。二是按資料的主次分層收集。為了不漏掉重要資料,應(yīng)根據(jù)主題把資料分為主要的、次要的。主要的就是核心層資料,應(yīng)全面系統(tǒng)地進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)收集;次要的就是非核心層資料,或稱資料,要盡量收集。三是按資料品種收集。不僅搜集圖書(shū)、期刊,還要搜集縮微資料、視聽(tīng)資料、網(wǎng)上資料、電子出版物。四是按論文內(nèi)容收集。不僅收集觀點(diǎn),還要收集數(shù)據(jù)、典型事例、圖像、圖表。五是按第一手、第二手資料收集。要注意第一手資料。論文資料收集的一般方法:一是通過(guò)書(shū)目、索引、文摘查找有關(guān)資料;二是通過(guò)與信息網(wǎng)連接的計(jì)算機(jī),查找國(guó)內(nèi)外有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的資料,這些資料一般比較新,速度最快;三是復(fù)印、照像、剪貼書(shū)刊中有關(guān)資料;四是通過(guò)閱讀直接摘錄書(shū)刊中有用資料;五是通過(guò)有關(guān)會(huì)議直接記錄有關(guān)資料,如座談會(huì)、調(diào)查會(huì)、研討會(huì)等。收集資料與分析研究資料兩者不可截然分開(kāi)。一般來(lái)說(shuō),收集資料在先,分析研究資料在后。然而,收集之中必有分析研究,分析研究之后要繼續(xù)收集和補(bǔ)充資料。收集資料,對(duì)一些長(zhǎng)期從事研究工作的人來(lái)說(shuō),主要是靠平時(shí)收集積累,不是臨時(shí)集中去搞。他們一般根據(jù)自己的研究方向,隨時(shí)把有關(guān)資料積累下來(lái),并按問(wèn)題分類、整理,當(dāng)資料積累到一定時(shí),思索也比較成熟,就可動(dòng)手寫(xiě)論文了,此時(shí)只是作些資料補(bǔ)充。一般學(xué)者或研究者都有個(gè)人的小資料庫(kù)。
二、論文資料的閱讀研究與選擇
當(dāng)資料收集到一定程度之后,就要轉(zhuǎn)入閱讀、分析研究、選擇資料。因?yàn)榍耙欢嗡占降馁Y料,還是比較原始的、粗放型的,如果要變?yōu)橛杏玫馁Y料,還需要通過(guò)大腦的思索與加工。閱讀、分析研究、選擇資料是一個(gè)相互聯(lián)系的整體,不可分割。閱讀的過(guò)程就包含有分析研究、思考聯(lián)想、資料取舍。論文寫(xiě)作屬于專題性閱讀,主要閱讀與專題有關(guān)的資料,最突出的特點(diǎn)是選擇性。它的目的性非常明確,而且限制在一定的范圍之內(nèi)。我們所接觸的資料中,可能只取其中很少一部分。因此要求我們?cè)陂喿x中能夠迅速而準(zhǔn)確地作出判斷,選出論文需要的材料。有時(shí)一本厚厚的書(shū),可能與論文有關(guān)的資料不多。由于閱讀目的明確,因此每當(dāng)閱讀啟動(dòng)時(shí),大腦就會(huì)自然地思考、分析研究、篩選資料,記下那些必要的信息與資料。閱讀是論文寫(xiě)作思考問(wèn)題的起點(diǎn)。閱讀是通過(guò)視線的掃描,獲取相關(guān)信息,并且與人的大腦中所儲(chǔ)存的固有的思想材料相結(jié)合,引起思維活動(dòng)的過(guò)程。專題閱讀要取得比較理想的效果,除了精力集中,具有相應(yīng)的專業(yè)知識(shí)外,一般還應(yīng)具有以下能力:提要和歸納原作者思想的能力;從總體把握原作內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的能力;對(duì)原作的思想內(nèi)容作出判斷、評(píng)價(jià)的能力;有快速選擇、獲取原作中論文所需資料的能力;有善于聯(lián)想、比較、鑒別的能力。專題閱讀的基本目的是選取資料,因此在閱讀中應(yīng)注意以下問(wèn)題:注意所取資料的科學(xué)性、真實(shí)性。及時(shí)地歸納、整理,選出有用材料,舍棄不用材料,把有用而又分散、重復(fù)交叉的材料,通過(guò)分析、歸納、合并、提煉等方式形成一些比較系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識(shí)。隨時(shí)隨地注意閱讀和思考過(guò)程中大腦爆發(fā)出來(lái)的思想火花,要抓住新思想、新見(jiàn)解不放,及時(shí)地記錄備忘。要加強(qiáng)資料搜集的目的性,不浪費(fèi)時(shí)間,不走彎路,不搜集一大堆無(wú)用資料。要注意例外情況,有時(shí)我們刻意尋找的資料尋而不見(jiàn),無(wú)意中讀到的資料有時(shí)反倒證明是極其重要的。注意閱讀重點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移。閱讀開(kāi)始時(shí),一般注重作者的觀點(diǎn),等我們的論文思路輪廊初現(xiàn)時(shí),注意力就會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)向符合自己看法的有力論據(jù)。常常有這樣的情形,初讀時(shí)遇到的資料沒(méi)有及時(shí)記錄,事后覺(jué)得有用,但印象已經(jīng)模糊,再去查時(shí)十分費(fèi)力,浪費(fèi)不少時(shí)間,因此閱讀時(shí)勤動(dòng)手非常重要。注意占有可比性資料。資料越多,參照系數(shù)越大,對(duì)比度就越精確。資料太少,很難比較,得出的結(jié)論也勢(shì)必粗疏難信?！罢擖c(diǎn)來(lái)自資料”,準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō),“論點(diǎn)來(lái)自資料的收集、積累、選擇”。專題性閱讀是以一個(gè)主題為中心,多種文獻(xiàn)相互參照的綜合性閱讀。由于論文寫(xiě)作并不一定要通讀整本整本的著作。但往往需要把不同著作中相關(guān)的部分聯(lián)系起來(lái)加以比較,找出共同點(diǎn)和不同點(diǎn),進(jìn)行分析和判斷。專題性閱讀的基本方法:主要有重點(diǎn)閱讀和跳讀兩種。重點(diǎn)閱讀就是對(duì)一些基本資料必須重點(diǎn)地系統(tǒng)地閱讀,有的要多遍閱讀。跳讀就是對(duì)非核心層資料,“選其所需,摘其所要”,撇去不需要的內(nèi)容,而集中精力,專心致志地閱讀所需要的部分。由于專題性閱讀是一種有明確閱讀范圍和實(shí)用目的的閱讀方式,在時(shí)間不充裕的情況下,我們必須越過(guò)與論文無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容而重點(diǎn)地翻閱那些與專題有關(guān)的部分。在這樣的閱讀過(guò)程中,我們必須全神貫注,緊張地捕捉一切對(duì)論文寫(xiě)作有用的資料。
關(guān)鍵詞： 中考；議論文；閱讀試題；應(yīng)考方法
縱觀近三年來(lái)全國(guó)各地的中考語(yǔ)文試卷，議論文閱讀選文材料大量涉及課外，由語(yǔ)段向整篇文章轉(zhuǎn)變，閱讀量有較大增加，上海、武漢等地尤為突出，給人啟發(fā)，給人教益，讓人深思的文本成為閱讀新熱點(diǎn)；考查內(nèi)容體現(xiàn)人文關(guān)懷、教育導(dǎo)向。人文性和教育性已然成為中考議論文選文命題的重要原則之一。能力設(shè)置重在考查學(xué)生的閱讀、分析和運(yùn)用能力；考查方式由主客觀題并存向純主觀題轉(zhuǎn)變的趨勢(shì)，加大了開(kāi)放式試題的考查力度；試題形式多樣，選擇、填空、簡(jiǎn)答、闡釋、概括、提煉觀點(diǎn)、補(bǔ)寫(xiě)論據(jù)等形式都有，自由發(fā)揮類、知識(shí)遷移類題目大量涌現(xiàn)，文化內(nèi)涵越來(lái)越豐富，時(shí)代氣息也越來(lái)越濃厚。材料大多關(guān)注成長(zhǎng)品質(zhì)和讀書(shū)治學(xué)方法等，其目的在于引導(dǎo)考生熱愛(ài)讀書(shū)、健康成長(zhǎng)，促進(jìn)整個(gè)社會(huì)的和諧發(fā)展。正確理解、提取、概括文章的中心論點(diǎn)；辨析不同類型的論據(jù)及其與論點(diǎn)的關(guān)系；概括論據(jù)和為文章補(bǔ)充恰當(dāng)?shù)恼摀?jù)；理解和分析文章使用的論證方法、論證過(guò)程；探究文章的內(nèi)容及其深刻的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和思想意義；能從文章的觀點(diǎn)中獲取有益的啟示，并進(jìn)行切合實(shí)際的拓展。議論文選文一般來(lái)自課外，具有教育性、文學(xué)性和時(shí)效性。作品表現(xiàn)了作者對(duì)生活和生命的思考，體現(xiàn)了作者的價(jià)值取向，有利于考生與之產(chǎn)生共鳴，并引發(fā)思考，從而準(zhǔn)確地檢測(cè)考生議論文的閱讀水平。
一、議論文文閱讀考查的一般內(nèi)容
（1）理解文章的思想內(nèi)容，看出文章的論證方式，了解作者的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)。
（2）理清文章論述的層次，把握文章的論點(diǎn)，能從文中找出或概括論點(diǎn)，理解中心論點(diǎn)與分論點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系。
（3）了解文章的論據(jù)，會(huì)分辨事實(shí)論據(jù)和道理論據(jù)，并了解它們?cè)陉U明觀點(diǎn)方面的作用。
（4）了解例證法、引證法、對(duì)比論證法、比喻論證法四種論證方法和反駁的方法。
（5）領(lǐng)會(huì)議論文語(yǔ)言的嚴(yán)密性和詞語(yǔ)的感彩。
（6）理解、探究議論文的中心和價(jià)值。
（7）能把文章的議論內(nèi)容與生活實(shí)際相結(jié)合，從議論文中中獲取觀點(diǎn)材料，進(jìn)行拓展延伸，以加深理解并應(yīng)用于生活實(shí)際。
二、議論文閱讀考查的命題特點(diǎn)
（1）議論文選文一般來(lái)自課外（09年課外選文占90%以上），具有教育性、文學(xué)性和時(shí)效性，選材側(cè)重于道德、修養(yǎng)、文化、讀書(shū)、創(chuàng)新等方面的論說(shuō)性文章。
（2）題型上以主觀性試題為主，出題角度多樣。題量一般為4-5道小題。
（3）主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)閱讀材料的整體理解分析能力，對(duì)文章主要內(nèi)容的把握。
（4）議論文閱讀的相關(guān)技法的考查仍占一定比例。中心論點(diǎn)的辨析、判斷、提取、歸納，論證方法的辨識(shí)理解、論據(jù)類型的認(rèn)識(shí)分析、論證結(jié)構(gòu)的清理劃分、議論文語(yǔ)言的嚴(yán)密性都是必考內(nèi)容。其中論證方法的考查不再停留在只知道文章運(yùn)用了什么論證方法，還要進(jìn)一步理解論證方法的作用。
（5）考查學(xué)生從閱讀中獲取觀點(diǎn)材料并應(yīng)用于生活實(shí)際的能力。
（6）開(kāi)放性探究式試題增多。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注道德修養(yǎng)、關(guān)注文化傳承，關(guān)注讀書(shū)治學(xué)，更加注重讓學(xué)生領(lǐng)會(huì)作品所體現(xiàn)出的人文精神和人文素養(yǎng)。
三、議論文閱讀考查的走向預(yù)測(cè)
（1）選文可能全面選用課外文章。
（2）內(nèi)容上側(cè)重于道德、修養(yǎng)、文化、讀書(shū)、創(chuàng)新等人文和文化色彩濃郁的文章。
（3）題型上客觀題可能消失，主觀題可能一統(tǒng)天下，開(kāi)放性探究試題將進(jìn)一步增加出鏡率和分值。
（4）對(duì)文章解讀能力的考查，仍將是說(shuō)明文閱讀考查的主要內(nèi)容。①理解重要詞語(yǔ)在具體語(yǔ)境中的含義和作用。閱讀材料中出現(xiàn)的科學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)、科學(xué)概念，能對(duì)其含義做出正確解釋；重要代詞所指代的內(nèi)容，能夠具體解釋；修飾限制性的詞語(yǔ)，能對(duì)其作用闡釋清楚。②理解重要句子在文章中的意義和作用。能找出段落或全文的中心句，對(duì)其在段落或全文的地位、作用做出闡述。③正確把握文意，概括要點(diǎn)。能夠把握文章的大意，從中提取重要信息；對(duì)段落的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納；對(duì)全文要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概括；根據(jù)文意，給文章增加標(biāo)題。
（5）理解并掌握議論文的技法，仍將是議論文閱讀考查的重點(diǎn)之一。
（6）注重培養(yǎng)考生的人文素養(yǎng)，將是議論文考查的一個(gè)亮點(diǎn)。
（7）選文內(nèi)容側(cè)重于具有人文色彩的文章，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)做人，學(xué)會(huì)為人處世。
（8）側(cè)重考查學(xué)生對(duì)選文的整體感知的能力：對(duì)文章主要內(nèi)容、主要觀點(diǎn)的理解。
（9）主觀題占主導(dǎo)地位，開(kāi)放性試題分值增加。
四、議論文閱讀應(yīng)考策略
（1）吃透課標(biāo)和考綱，把握議論文基本考點(diǎn)和題型。
（2）理清議論文知識(shí)要點(diǎn)，學(xué)會(huì)知識(shí)遷移和拓展，做好知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備。
（3）立足能力技法試題，做到穩(wěn)拿基本分?jǐn)?shù)。對(duì)于議論文基本解讀能力和議論技法的考查，復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)要注意提煉技巧、總結(jié)規(guī)律，最好能形成一整套答題模式，增強(qiáng)理解分析能力，真正掌握議論文閱讀的基本能力。
（4）關(guān)注人文素養(yǎng)試題，爭(zhēng)取拿到發(fā)展分?jǐn)?shù)。特別是對(duì)于材料分析題、閱讀感悟題、論據(jù)補(bǔ)充題這些開(kāi)放性試題，復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)一定要拓展思維空間，克服思維定勢(shì)，注重思維創(chuàng)新，發(fā)表獨(dú)到見(jiàn)解，培養(yǎng)自己的創(chuàng)新能力。
（5）關(guān)注道德情操、思想修養(yǎng)、意志品質(zhì)、行為習(xí)慣、興趣心態(tài)、社會(huì)民生、文化讀書(shū)類文章，關(guān)于讀書(shū)治學(xué)的知識(shí)，關(guān)于道德修養(yǎng)的知識(shí)，關(guān)于處世交往的話題等類文章應(yīng)多加訓(xùn)練。
在收集資料時(shí)，我們要從兩個(gè)方面入手：
第一、要廣泛的閱讀與所論文論題有關(guān)的各種書(shū)籍、報(bào)刊、雜志。
第二、要對(duì)所選論文論題的資料進(jìn)行有條不紊的收集以及整理
1、在廣泛的閱讀與論文論題有關(guān)的資料時(shí)，應(yīng)該從所選論題的專題材料進(jìn)行閱讀，這是最有效直觀的表達(dá)這一論題的重要資料。
2、閱讀一些對(duì)所選論題有著明確方向以及思想指導(dǎo)的理論資料。
3、一定要閱讀一些前人對(duì)所選論題已經(jīng)發(fā)表過(guò)的意見(jiàn)以及研究成果。
