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文化英語(yǔ)論文范文

時(shí)間:2023-04-08 11:44:00

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文化英語(yǔ)論文

第1篇

關(guān)鍵詞:旅游英語(yǔ)論文;旅游文化英語(yǔ)論文;英譯 

引言 

攀枝花市,四川省唯一以花命名的城市,被稱(chēng)作陽(yáng)光花城,座落在四川西南角,金沙江和雅礱江交匯處。自1965年建市以來(lái),城市建設(shè)已形成規(guī)模,旅游資源獨(dú)具特色:獨(dú)特的自然地理環(huán)境、獨(dú)具風(fēng)味的飲食,濃郁的少數(shù)民族民俗風(fēng)情文化,成為獨(dú)樹(shù)一幟的旅游品牌,成為攀枝花市對(duì)外開(kāi)放的重要組成部分。 

旅游文化的翻譯工作是使對(duì)外宣傳資料發(fā)揮作用的重要環(huán)節(jié), 也是一個(gè)城市對(duì)外交流水平和人文環(huán)境建設(shè)的重要體現(xiàn)。如何讓攀枝花走向世界、讓世界了解攀枝花, 有效開(kāi)展招商引資、擴(kuò)大對(duì)外交流和合作起到了積極作用。在這種情況下,針對(duì)目前攀枝花市獨(dú)特旅游資源的英譯問(wèn)題進(jìn)行分析、研究,將極大地促進(jìn)攀枝花的對(duì)外交流合作和提高城市的整體形象。但是由于中英旅游文本中的文化差異表現(xiàn)在其不同的審美、價(jià)值觀及風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等中英旅游文本在提供信息方面亦有不同的側(cè)重點(diǎn)。因此,在功能理論的指導(dǎo)下,結(jié)合中英旅游文本的不同點(diǎn),,旅游文本的翻譯應(yīng)以游客為中心,以傳播中國(guó)文化為導(dǎo)向,最終達(dá)到旅游文本的誘導(dǎo)目的。可以采取相應(yīng)的翻譯策略:直譯、增譯、省譯、類(lèi)比等,以期增強(qiáng)旅游文本譯文的可讀性,最終有效實(shí)現(xiàn)譯文的預(yù)期功能和目的。 

一、攀枝花特色地理地貌的英譯 

攀枝花地處攀西裂谷中南段,屬浸蝕、剝蝕中山丘陵、山原峽谷地貌,山高谷深、盆地交錯(cuò)分布,地質(zhì)構(gòu)造復(fù)雜,森林覆蓋面積大,喀斯特地貌分布廣,裂谷、溫泉、溶洞、瀑布和河流比比皆是,為旅游事業(yè)的發(fā)展提供了資源基礎(chǔ)。對(duì)于對(duì)于攀枝花特色地理地貌的英譯方面,張沉香(2007)對(duì)于術(shù)語(yǔ)的國(guó)際化, 提出應(yīng)“適當(dāng)加大音譯比例”,“促進(jìn)國(guó)際合作和科技發(fā)展”。 

音譯不僅能夠達(dá)到簡(jiǎn)潔和透明的作用,還是保存源語(yǔ)文化的最佳途徑。尊重術(shù)語(yǔ)體現(xiàn)的文化而采用音譯的翻譯方法也是現(xiàn)代術(shù)語(yǔ)翻譯的一個(gè)趨勢(shì)。以攀枝花地理地貌“喀斯特”為例,就是采用的音譯方法現(xiàn)已被學(xué)界多接受,然而它卻曾被中國(guó)學(xué)界采用意譯的方法改譯為“巖溶”。另一個(gè)類(lèi)似的例子是世紀(jì)初由中國(guó)學(xué)者確定的“天坑”,即西方地理學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)話語(yǔ)中的“特大型塌陷漏斗”所描述的地理樣貌,在攀枝花也是數(shù)量眾多,大小不一。2005 年起,“天坑”這一定名獲得了國(guó)際喀斯特學(xué)術(shù)界的一致認(rèn)可,漢語(yǔ)拼音 “tiankeng”開(kāi)始國(guó)際通用“喀斯特”在中國(guó)和 “tiankeng”在國(guó)際學(xué)界的最終被接受,這體現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)屬于名詞文化內(nèi)涵的保留,以及音譯在學(xué)術(shù)文化界的認(rèn)同。 

攀枝花非常有名的“格薩拉生態(tài)旅游區(qū)”主景區(qū)距瀘沽湖116公里,距麗江376公里,沿省道216線(稻攀路)前行可達(dá)稻城、亞丁,景區(qū)景觀由天坑地漏、巖溶景觀、高山草甸和彝家風(fēng)情等組成。關(guān)于“格薩拉生態(tài)旅游區(qū)”的英譯資料“Gesala Ecotourism Area as a part of the Golden Triangular Tourism Area of Daocheng, Lijiang and Panzhihua is located at the juncture of Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces.”該譯文首先介紹了格薩拉生態(tài)旅游區(qū)的地理位置位于稻城,麗江和攀枝花旅游金三角,位于川滇兩省的交接處。 “ It is not only the south gate of the Great Shangri-la of China, but also an important component of the Sunshine Ecotourism Area in west Panzhihua City.” 此句則強(qiáng)調(diào)了格薩拉生態(tài)旅游區(qū)的重要性,為中國(guó)大香格里拉的南大門(mén), “the south gate”則運(yùn)用了英語(yǔ)中隱喻的修辭手法  “metaphor” ,非常生動(dòng)形象。 

接下來(lái)用添加注解的方法,介紹格薩拉生態(tài)旅游區(qū)命名的含義和淵源。 “Gesala”, a vocabulary of the Yi Nationality, means “the beautiful heaven where human and nature coexist harmoniously”, “the funniest hillock” and also “the place closest to the Sun”. “格薩拉”是彝族的一個(gè)詞匯,含義是“人與自然和諧共處的美麗的天堂”,“最的山丘”“離太陽(yáng)最近的地方”。 

第2篇

商務(wù)交際的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)就是商務(wù)談判,如交易中商品的價(jià)格、發(fā)貨時(shí)間、付款方式、售后服務(wù)等都會(huì)涉及談判,談判不僅需要商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的使用規(guī)范得體,而且要求語(yǔ)言的使用符合對(duì)方的文化背景,及飲食文化等,不能觸到對(duì)方的禁忌,這樣才能順利進(jìn)行交際,最終促進(jìn)交易的完成。此外培養(yǎng)出良好的人際關(guān)系也有利于企業(yè)間加深并建立長(zhǎng)期合作關(guān)系,開(kāi)發(fā)更多的客戶(hù)。但是受高職學(xué)制的影響,商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)的人才培養(yǎng)方案和課程設(shè)置都過(guò)于重視學(xué)生商務(wù)英語(yǔ)知識(shí)和專(zhuān)業(yè)技能的培養(yǎng)和教學(xué),缺乏文化的教學(xué),使文化和語(yǔ)言知識(shí)脫節(jié)。這在表面上看確實(shí)是集中全部力量培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的知識(shí)技能,但是卻忽略了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí),培養(yǎng)出的人才只掌握了語(yǔ)言這個(gè)交流的載體,卻缺乏引導(dǎo)交流順利進(jìn)行的內(nèi)容,會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ),但卻不知道該說(shuō)什么,交流的不恰當(dāng)嚴(yán)重時(shí)會(huì)影響商務(wù)關(guān)系的建立。因此不了解對(duì)方的國(guó)家情況、地理環(huán)境、人文環(huán)境、文化風(fēng)俗、商務(wù)文化,就無(wú)法建立良好的商務(wù)關(guān)系。雖然通過(guò)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)教學(xué)確實(shí)培養(yǎng)出了許多有非常高的商務(wù)英語(yǔ)知識(shí)和技能的學(xué)生,日常的交往活動(dòng)中,也可以輕松自如地和外國(guó)人交流,但是在商務(wù)活動(dòng)中,因?yàn)閷?duì)對(duì)方的國(guó)家文化了解甚少,導(dǎo)致貿(mào)易無(wú)法正常進(jìn)行,或者給公司帶來(lái)貿(mào)易損失的現(xiàn)象也很多。

2商務(wù)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的現(xiàn)狀

學(xué)生是教學(xué)的主體,一切教學(xué)活動(dòng)都應(yīng)該從培養(yǎng)符合社會(huì)和崗位需求的人才出發(fā)。高職教學(xué)有別于本科的教學(xué),高職教學(xué)更注重學(xué)生的實(shí)踐能力,這是高職辦學(xué)的特色。一切學(xué)科都需要跟崗位需求相結(jié)合,高職商務(wù)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)也是如此,開(kāi)設(shè)了商務(wù)實(shí)訓(xùn)課程,努力使學(xué)生擁有實(shí)際操作技能,理論學(xué)習(xí)的同時(shí)加強(qiáng)實(shí)踐。因此,高職商務(wù)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的課程設(shè)計(jì)也是從這一目的出發(fā),包括語(yǔ)言和商務(wù)知識(shí)的傳授,同時(shí)進(jìn)行商務(wù)環(huán)境模擬。這是商務(wù)英語(yǔ)從業(yè)人員的基本素質(zhì)要求。只有語(yǔ)言能力過(guò)關(guān),商務(wù)知識(shí)專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)生才能從事對(duì)外貿(mào)易活動(dòng)。但是這兩點(diǎn)雖然具備了從事商務(wù)活動(dòng)的基本條件,但卻不能保證能夠順利開(kāi)展商務(wù)活動(dòng),這是因?yàn)楦鞣N交際活動(dòng)歸根結(jié)底都是人與人之間的交往,所以相互尊重,尊重對(duì)方的文化習(xí)俗,不觸碰對(duì)方的禁忌是根本保證,這就需要了解貿(mào)易國(guó)的文化和習(xí)俗。目前高職英語(yǔ)教學(xué)普遍對(duì)文化的重視性不強(qiáng)。導(dǎo)致這一現(xiàn)象的原因有兩點(diǎn),一是學(xué)生沒(méi)有這方面學(xué)習(xí)的需求,高職的學(xué)生普遍基礎(chǔ)薄弱,缺乏學(xué)習(xí)的主動(dòng)性,而且對(duì)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)還是停留在過(guò)四、六級(jí)的需求上。雖然教師在課堂上有時(shí)也會(huì)給學(xué)生滲透一些文化知識(shí),但卻會(huì)有學(xué)生因此而反映教師教學(xué)不專(zhuān)注課本,課外知識(shí)導(dǎo)入過(guò)多。二是整個(gè)學(xué)生培養(yǎng)方案中沒(méi)有英美文化這樣的課程,因此教師在教學(xué)中按照大綱教學(xué)就不會(huì)進(jìn)行過(guò)多的文化知識(shí)的導(dǎo)入,了解文化差異是順利進(jìn)行交際的必要條件,只有交流順利才能進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的貿(mào)易談判、商務(wù)往來(lái),為了達(dá)到這一目的,一定要從教師和人才培養(yǎng)方案這個(gè)根本來(lái)明確文化的重要性,加強(qiáng)對(duì)學(xué)生的商務(wù)文化的培養(yǎng)。同時(shí)也要讓學(xué)生理解這類(lèi)課程設(shè)置的意義,調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性和主動(dòng)性。舉一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子,商務(wù)宴請(qǐng)是貿(mào)易往來(lái)中非常常見(jiàn)的一種活動(dòng),有利于促進(jìn)商務(wù)關(guān)系的建立和維護(hù),但是如果處理不當(dāng)也會(huì)適得其反。簡(jiǎn)單的一次宴請(qǐng)會(huì)涉及許多文化方面的內(nèi)容。如座位安排禮儀、餐具的使用禮儀、上菜的順序、搭配酒類(lèi)的習(xí)慣、餐桌上取食的禮儀、餐桌上交談的禮儀、用餐后或用餐中離席的禮儀,以及勸酒布菜的中西方區(qū)別,等等。此外如果宴請(qǐng)的對(duì)象是西方人,那么就要注意宴會(huì)時(shí)間的選擇,一定要在工作時(shí)間中進(jìn)行,因?yàn)槲鞣絺鹘y(tǒng)注重家庭和個(gè)人私有時(shí)間,占用他的休息時(shí)間,即使是商務(wù)宴請(qǐng)這樣的活動(dòng)也會(huì)給對(duì)方造成不快,同時(shí)也要注意按時(shí)參加宴會(huì)不要遲到。而在中國(guó)和日本等一些國(guó)家,商務(wù)活動(dòng)從業(yè)人員加班和應(yīng)酬是工作常態(tài),人們喜歡在酒桌上解決問(wèn)題,開(kāi)發(fā)客戶(hù),維護(hù)與客戶(hù)的關(guān)系。因此了解這些差異,盡量避免給對(duì)方帶來(lái)不快,是商務(wù)活動(dòng)能夠順利展開(kāi)的必要條件。

3如何在教學(xué)中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的文化意識(shí)

了解了文化對(duì)于國(guó)際貿(mào)易順利開(kāi)展的重要性和原因之后就要對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行文化的滲透和導(dǎo)入,來(lái)增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的文化意識(shí)和學(xué)習(xí)的興趣。那怎么來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目的呢?下面針對(duì)目前教學(xué)活動(dòng)存在的問(wèn)題來(lái)給出一些解決方法。首先,教師需要明確教學(xué)思想和教學(xué)目的。要從根本出發(fā),雖然學(xué)生是課堂教學(xué)的主體,但是在課堂教學(xué)活動(dòng)中,教師的思想行為和教學(xué)傾向性會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)重心產(chǎn)生影響,因此想要通過(guò)教學(xué)提高學(xué)生的文化水平,提升學(xué)生的文化意識(shí),就需要教師的教學(xué)思想和教學(xué)目標(biāo)重視文化的滲透和導(dǎo)入。其教學(xué)活動(dòng)是根據(jù)不同的商務(wù)環(huán)境、文化進(jìn)行實(shí)用型商務(wù)人才的培養(yǎng),在教學(xué)中教師一定要明確這一點(diǎn),只有從思想上真正認(rèn)識(shí)到商務(wù)文化的重要性,在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中,才會(huì)滲透商務(wù)文化,也才能從根本上改變現(xiàn)狀。目前有的教師本身就不重視文化在日常教學(xué)中的滲透,因此要督促教師從自身做起,提升教師自身的文化素質(zhì),這樣才能將文化知識(shí)傳達(dá)給學(xué)生,讓學(xué)生對(duì)文化的作用有所了解,調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和積極性。其次,運(yùn)用多種手段,采取周刊選讀、分組討論、網(wǎng)絡(luò)查詢(xún)等各種不同的方式來(lái)進(jìn)行教學(xué),通過(guò)任務(wù)教學(xué)法、情景教學(xué)法等多種方法讓學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的同時(shí)對(duì)其他國(guó)家的禮儀、文化、習(xí)俗都有一定的認(rèn)識(shí)和了解,提升學(xué)生的綜合素質(zhì)。教師可以借助網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源、有聲資料,盡可能多地讓學(xué)生接觸到文化知識(shí),同時(shí)要注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的團(tuán)隊(duì)合作精神和組織能力、交際能力。通過(guò)社會(huì)調(diào)查、小組討論、案例教學(xué)、分角色扮演,進(jìn)行互動(dòng)式的教學(xué)。教師還需要掌握跨文化外語(yǔ)教學(xué)的具體方法和技能,在進(jìn)行課堂練習(xí)時(shí),要充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主動(dòng)性和創(chuàng)造性,盡量多地給學(xué)生交流發(fā)言的機(jī)會(huì),讓他們實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、商務(wù)知識(shí)和文化知識(shí)的有機(jī)融合,培養(yǎng)既具有語(yǔ)言能力又具有跨文化商務(wù)溝通能力的商務(wù)英語(yǔ)復(fù)合型人才。最后,要重視日常教學(xué)中跨文化知識(shí)的導(dǎo)入。因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)、商務(wù)和文化三者之間關(guān)系緊密、相互聯(lián)系,因此培養(yǎng)企業(yè)需求的實(shí)用型商務(wù)英語(yǔ)人才,就不能忽略對(duì)學(xué)生能力和文化的培養(yǎng)。所以我們需要培養(yǎng)既有扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)言能力,又有專(zhuān)業(yè)的商務(wù)詞匯和表達(dá),以及跨文化的知識(shí)多能型人才。我們對(duì)前兩項(xiàng)都非常重視,也一直是教學(xué)的重點(diǎn),而文化意識(shí)的培養(yǎng)就經(jīng)常被忽略,而這對(duì)于學(xué)生今后的交際和可持續(xù)性發(fā)展是非常必要的。我們無(wú)法要求老師在短短的三年學(xué)制中能教授學(xué)生所有的文化差異,這是根本做不到的,我們要做的是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的非語(yǔ)言交際能力,幫助學(xué)生意識(shí)到文化差異在交際中會(huì)引起的誤會(huì)和失誤,引導(dǎo)他們意識(shí)到文化對(duì)于交際的重要性,從而掌握學(xué)習(xí)方法和方向,具備繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)的能力。非語(yǔ)言交際是跨文化交際中非常重要的因素,據(jù)研究大概有70%左右的信息是通過(guò)非言語(yǔ)交際方式來(lái)傳遞的。因?yàn)榉钦Z(yǔ)言交際傳遞的信息不直接,只有相同文化基礎(chǔ)的人才能意識(shí)到,因此它所傳遞的信息甚至比語(yǔ)言所傳遞的信息更有影響力,一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的手勢(shì)或動(dòng)作,如果觸碰了對(duì)方的文化禁忌,就會(huì)引起誤會(huì),進(jìn)而會(huì)導(dǎo)致無(wú)法進(jìn)行正常的交際,更不要說(shuō)進(jìn)行商務(wù)談判與合作了。所以要重視不同文化中肢體語(yǔ)言所代表的不同意義,也就是不同文化下的非語(yǔ)言交際方式。在不同文化中,肢體語(yǔ)言的意義并不完全相同,各民族有不同的非語(yǔ)言交際方式。在日常教學(xué)中,高職學(xué)制只有三年,無(wú)法在課堂上進(jìn)行大量的跨文化信息的導(dǎo)入,但是可以讓學(xué)生課后多花點(diǎn)時(shí)間去查找與教材內(nèi)容相關(guān)的文化背景知識(shí),每節(jié)課拿出一點(diǎn)時(shí)間讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行講解。這樣既鍛煉了他們的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力及語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用能力,也掌握了文化知識(shí),如此在達(dá)到學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的同時(shí),也提高了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的興趣。

4結(jié)語(yǔ)

第3篇

1、提高中國(guó)文化素養(yǎng)符合多元化的人才需求

當(dāng)今的就業(yè)市場(chǎng)需要多元化的外語(yǔ)人才,對(duì)于英語(yǔ)相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)而言,社會(huì)上普遍需求的是英語(yǔ)與其他專(zhuān)業(yè)緊密結(jié)合的復(fù)合應(yīng)用型人才,商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)在此應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,培養(yǎng)能用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行諸如商務(wù)、旅游、物流、外貿(mào)、文秘、會(huì)展等商貿(mào)活動(dòng)的復(fù)合型人才。在兩種文化交流的過(guò)程中,決定溝通質(zhì)量的是代表中國(guó)形象的學(xué)生的中國(guó)文化素養(yǎng)和自身的英語(yǔ)水平。

2、諳熟中國(guó)文化可以助力學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)

在英語(yǔ)業(yè)已成為世界語(yǔ)的今天,商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)作為英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)的一個(gè)分支,長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中都強(qiáng)調(diào)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的輸入,強(qiáng)調(diào)英語(yǔ)與商務(wù)的結(jié)合,注重發(fā)音標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、表達(dá)流利、語(yǔ)法運(yùn)用得體等,其重視程度甚至遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)勝于對(duì)中國(guó)文化涵養(yǎng)的關(guān)注。而語(yǔ)言?xún)?nèi)在的思想性被忽略甚至被淹沒(méi),因此外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中母語(yǔ)的正遷移作用很難發(fā)揮出來(lái)。換言之,倘若學(xué)生憑借自己較高的中國(guó)文化涵養(yǎng)來(lái)進(jìn)行英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí),聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫(xiě)的學(xué)習(xí)障礙將會(huì)大大降低,英漢雙語(yǔ)的相互切換也會(huì)迎刃而解。

3、熟悉中國(guó)文化有利于傳播優(yōu)秀的中國(guó)文化

英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的終極目標(biāo)不僅是實(shí)現(xiàn)成功的跨文化交際,更應(yīng)該是把優(yōu)秀的母語(yǔ)文化即中國(guó)文化傳播到世界。承載著幾千年文明的中國(guó),其優(yōu)秀精華的文化應(yīng)該在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中與英語(yǔ)這門(mén)語(yǔ)言站在文化對(duì)等的位置上對(duì)話。在對(duì)外漢語(yǔ)教學(xué)日益盛行的今天,高校商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)生也應(yīng)該盡己之力通曉中國(guó)文化及其英文講解方法思路,在商務(wù)活動(dòng)中使世界通過(guò)我們更加了解中國(guó)璀璨文化。

二、商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)中國(guó)文化教學(xué)現(xiàn)狀

1、課程設(shè)置對(duì)于中國(guó)文化的缺失

2000年南京大學(xué)的從叢教授在《“中國(guó)文化失語(yǔ)”:我國(guó)英語(yǔ)教育的缺陷》中提到“許多中國(guó)青年學(xué)者雖然具有相當(dāng)程度的英語(yǔ)水平,但是在與西方人交往的過(guò)程中,始終顯示不出來(lái)自古文化大國(guó)的學(xué)者所應(yīng)具有的深厚文化素養(yǎng)和獨(dú)立的文化人格……有些博士生有較高的基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)水平,也有較高的中國(guó)文化修養(yǎng),但是一旦進(jìn)入英語(yǔ)交流語(yǔ)境,便會(huì)立即呈現(xiàn)出‘中國(guó)文化失語(yǔ)癥’”。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)母語(yǔ)文化中出現(xiàn)“失語(yǔ)”現(xiàn)象,是因?yàn)樵谟⒄Z(yǔ)教學(xué)中獲得用英語(yǔ)準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)中國(guó)文化知識(shí)的不足。例如,介紹魯迅先生故居的一段話中很多學(xué)生把“故居”一詞翻譯成“oldhouse”,幾乎沒(méi)有學(xué)生知道地道的說(shuō)法是“formerresidence”。同時(shí),很多高校的商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)課程設(shè)置上注重實(shí)用性,講求英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)與商務(wù)知識(shí)的結(jié)合。作為只有36學(xué)時(shí)的選修課,課時(shí)有限,任務(wù)緊張,很多學(xué)生為完成任務(wù)而完成任務(wù),沒(méi)有真正重視中國(guó)文化的學(xué)習(xí)與提高。

2、日常教學(xué)頻頻出現(xiàn)中國(guó)文化缺失

過(guò)度重視英語(yǔ)及英語(yǔ)文化而忽視中國(guó)文化導(dǎo)致英語(yǔ)文化的內(nèi)化在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生中越來(lái)越深入,許多學(xué)生成為英語(yǔ)通、西方文化通,俚語(yǔ)通,而中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化成為許多學(xué)生的認(rèn)知荒漠:課堂上問(wèn)及學(xué)生“杞人憂天”、“門(mén)泊東吳萬(wàn)里船”等詞句無(wú)法用英語(yǔ)解釋出來(lái)。今天的四六級(jí)考試中增加了段落翻譯項(xiàng)目,而且頻頻涉及到中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化與當(dāng)今中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展。但是學(xué)生對(duì)于中國(guó)文化的重視程度依然不夠。不要說(shuō)“四合院”“、茶馬古道”“、敦煌石窟”、就是“少林功夫”、“吉祥文化”、“筷子”等很多中國(guó)文化常見(jiàn)語(yǔ)的譯法學(xué)生都聞所未聞、瞠目結(jié)舌。比如,在介紹孔子的一段話的翻譯中,很多學(xué)生根本不知道孔子(Confucius)、儒學(xué)(theRuSchool)、孔圣人(MasterKung)。學(xué)生英語(yǔ)水平雖然大幅提高,母語(yǔ)文化卻丟之腦后,這不得不說(shuō)是失衡的英語(yǔ)教育造就的悲哀。

3、學(xué)生測(cè)評(píng)體系對(duì)中國(guó)文化的忽視

目前高校商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)對(duì)學(xué)生的測(cè)驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)體系依然比較傳統(tǒng)地注重學(xué)生的聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)、譯等能力。聽(tīng)力考試材料來(lái)源基本上是BEC、BBC、VOA、CNN,文化背景都是清一色的西方英語(yǔ)國(guó)家日常生活與商務(wù)活動(dòng),很少涉及中國(guó)文化;口語(yǔ)考試依然一如既往地關(guān)注發(fā)音標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、表達(dá)流利、地道清晰、商務(wù)術(shù)語(yǔ)準(zhǔn)確等因素;閱讀、寫(xiě)作、翻譯考試也多是傳統(tǒng)的名詞解釋、簡(jiǎn)答題、論述題、案例分析、計(jì)算題等,中國(guó)文化元素依然難得一見(jiàn)。

三、商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)中國(guó)文化教學(xué)強(qiáng)化對(duì)策

全世界早已掀起了“漢語(yǔ)熱”:孔子學(xué)院的設(shè)立、漢語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試的興起、對(duì)外漢語(yǔ)教學(xué)人才的稀缺都足以為證。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)作為以英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言為橋梁、深化英語(yǔ)與商務(wù)專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)相銜接的專(zhuān)業(yè),學(xué)生內(nèi)在的中國(guó)文化素養(yǎng)亟待提高。可以從以下幾個(gè)方面著手:

1、課程設(shè)置對(duì)于中國(guó)文化可以有所傾斜

商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)在課程設(shè)置方面除了大一全校開(kāi)設(shè)的大學(xué)語(yǔ)文之外,可以考慮自己開(kāi)設(shè)現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)及漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)等課程。畢竟商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)的過(guò)程中一定會(huì)不自覺(jué)地發(fā)問(wèn):為什么多年的學(xué)習(xí)生涯中學(xué)校從未開(kāi)設(shè)過(guò)漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)呢?很多學(xué)生會(huì)盲目認(rèn)為英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)在重要性上一定勝過(guò)漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué),因此造成了學(xué)生語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中的顧此而失彼。條件允許的話,高校的商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)還可以鼓勵(lì)專(zhuān)業(yè)教師開(kāi)設(shè)與中國(guó)相關(guān)的公共選修課:英文講解的人類(lèi)學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)、心理學(xué)、中國(guó)歷史、中國(guó)文化通史、古代詩(shī)詞及名著賞析、對(duì)外漢語(yǔ)教學(xué)等課程,應(yīng)體現(xiàn)哲學(xué)、歷史、宗教、社會(huì)、教育、文化、藝術(shù)等中國(guó)文化內(nèi)容,從而提高學(xué)生的中國(guó)文化素養(yǎng)和母語(yǔ)人文涵養(yǎng),給學(xué)生創(chuàng)造良好的中國(guó)文化學(xué)習(xí)氛圍。通過(guò)這些課程,開(kāi)闊學(xué)生視野,使學(xué)生更加熟悉中國(guó)文化。

2、日常教學(xué)將中國(guó)文化貫穿始終

商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)教師應(yīng)該自覺(jué)提高自身中國(guó)文化修養(yǎng),深入學(xué)習(xí)中國(guó)文化尤其是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化,并在日常教學(xué)中成功實(shí)現(xiàn)中國(guó)文化的漢英切換,注重中西文化對(duì)比、中國(guó)文化知識(shí)的傳播和對(duì)外漢語(yǔ)宣傳能力的提升。例如,教師在課堂上講授美國(guó)文化的五大象征時(shí),可以啟發(fā)學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)討論中國(guó)文化的象征,學(xué)生熱烈討論中會(huì)涉及長(zhǎng)城、孔子、筷子、菜系、絲綢之路、天安門(mén)廣場(chǎng)、故宮等許多中華文化象征,啟發(fā)學(xué)生盡可能詳盡地用英語(yǔ)表述中國(guó)元素。同時(shí),教師在備課過(guò)程中應(yīng)盡可能多地熟悉中國(guó)特有文化的英文譯法,多多積累中國(guó)文化各種英文介紹,例如,可以參考作品中涉及大量中國(guó)文化元素的林語(yǔ)堂、錢(qián)鐘書(shū)和賽珍珠的作品及英文版的《中國(guó)文化》等書(shū)籍。

3、完善學(xué)生測(cè)評(píng)體系,強(qiáng)調(diào)中國(guó)文化

商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)生測(cè)評(píng)不僅應(yīng)該單獨(dú)設(shè)置中國(guó)文化課程的考核,還應(yīng)在綜合英語(yǔ)、精讀等課程的測(cè)試中體現(xiàn)中國(guó)元素,加入相關(guān)檢測(cè)試題,學(xué)生在備考過(guò)程中系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí),不斷強(qiáng)化,中國(guó)文化素養(yǎng)必然會(huì)得到提高。在學(xué)生的聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)、譯等能力的考試中盡可能選取與中國(guó)文化相關(guān)的資料。在學(xué)生的各類(lèi)測(cè)試中增加中西文化比較,根據(jù)主題與作者觀點(diǎn),適當(dāng)進(jìn)行廣泛的跨文化對(duì)比分析,使學(xué)生對(duì)中西方文化的特點(diǎn)有清楚的認(rèn)識(shí),能夠深刻地意識(shí)到祖國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的價(jià)值,通過(guò)系統(tǒng)教學(xué)、講解、反復(fù)訓(xùn)練、復(fù)習(xí)、檢測(cè)等環(huán)節(jié)實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)生熟練用英文較準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)中國(guó)文化相關(guān)內(nèi)容。

四、結(jié)語(yǔ)

第4篇

1.跨文化英語(yǔ)教學(xué)模式下大學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)能力培養(yǎng)——大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)新思路

2.在跨文化英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中保持中國(guó)特色

3.高校學(xué)生跨文化交際能力培養(yǎng)的現(xiàn)狀與思考——以高校英語(yǔ)教師為考察維度

4.跨文化英語(yǔ)教學(xué)與人文素質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)

5.模因論視角下的中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)教學(xué)

6.英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)力研究——基于廣西184名大學(xué)生的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù) 

7.初中文化英語(yǔ)品格重建初探

8.大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師的跨文化教育

9.地方性院校大學(xué)生中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力調(diào)查——以臺(tái)州學(xué)院為例

10.大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中跨文化意識(shí)的培養(yǎng)

11.CBI與大學(xué)英語(yǔ)后續(xù)課程構(gòu)建與實(shí)施研究——以《中國(guó)文化概況(英語(yǔ))》為例

12.高師英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生母語(yǔ)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)力調(diào)查及分析

13.希臘神話對(duì)現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)文化的影響 

14.高職院??缥幕⒄Z(yǔ)教學(xué)的實(shí)踐和探討

15.高職院??缥幕⒄Z(yǔ)教學(xué)中存在的問(wèn)題與對(duì)策淺析

16.言語(yǔ)交際原則下的茶文化英語(yǔ)芻議

17.“產(chǎn)出導(dǎo)向法”理念下中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)體驗(yàn)式教學(xué)模式探析

18.漢英語(yǔ)篇意合與形合的文化闡釋

19.跨文化交際能力的培養(yǎng)與大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)

20.英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的跨文化意識(shí)培養(yǎng) 

21.幼師生跨文化英語(yǔ)交際能力培養(yǎng)方法研究

22.地方高校英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力研究——以咸陽(yáng)師范學(xué)院外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院為例

23.中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)力培養(yǎng)研究 

24.培養(yǎng)跨文化交際能力在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的重要性及實(shí)施建議 

25.背景文化知識(shí)與網(wǎng)絡(luò)英語(yǔ)新聞閱讀效度的實(shí)證研究

26.社會(huì)文化學(xué)與英語(yǔ)教學(xué)  

27.批評(píng)對(duì)比修辭學(xué)視域下的跨文化英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作“第三空間” 

28.格式塔心理學(xué)視角下高校茶文化英語(yǔ)教學(xué)策略探究 

29.“生活化英語(yǔ)”教學(xué)實(shí)踐中的“文化—工具”關(guān)系

30.中西文化差異與英語(yǔ)詞匯教學(xué)

31.基于人本主義教育觀的大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)研究——以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生中西文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力為例 

32.大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中文化教學(xué)探析 

33.以“文”“化”人:理工院校中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)教學(xué)實(shí)踐探究

34.高校英語(yǔ)文化教學(xué)及其變量研究 

35.淺談商務(wù)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中文化意識(shí)的培養(yǎng) 

36.大學(xué)生地方文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)力的實(shí)證研究

37.以?xún)?nèi)容為依托的中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)教材編寫(xiě)原則探討

38.大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中學(xué)生跨文化意識(shí)的培養(yǎng) 

39.高中英語(yǔ)課堂中的文化教學(xué) 

40.“微時(shí)代”跨文化英語(yǔ)交際能力發(fā)展研究 

41.英語(yǔ)人名的文化特征及翻譯策略  

42.非英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力研究

43.淺談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)詞匯的文化內(nèi)涵 

44.英文電影在綜合英語(yǔ)跨文化教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用 

45.論商務(wù)英語(yǔ)談判中商務(wù)文化意識(shí)的體現(xiàn) 

46.理工科大學(xué)生中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力調(diào)查與研究  

47.在英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力教學(xué)中介紹相應(yīng)文化背景知識(shí)的重要性與必要性

48.跨文化英語(yǔ)教學(xué)與中學(xué)生閱讀能力培養(yǎng)的二元思考

49.全球化語(yǔ)境下鈞瓷文化英語(yǔ)翻譯的現(xiàn)狀及前景

50.論文化英語(yǔ)人才建設(shè)在成都城市文化軟實(shí)力發(fā)展中的功能和作用  

51.試論英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的文化背景

52.英漢隱喻差異與跨文化英語(yǔ)教學(xué)

53.中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)在高職生人文素質(zhì)教育中的必要性

54.淺談大學(xué)英語(yǔ)文化教學(xué)中的跨文化溝通風(fēng)格 

55.高職英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的跨文化教學(xué)研究 

56.大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中文化輸入的教學(xué)方法研究 

57.英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力研究 

58.從語(yǔ)言和文化的關(guān)系看高職英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中文化因素的導(dǎo)入 

59.淺論英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中應(yīng)注重文化的導(dǎo)入——培養(yǎng)跨文化交際能力 

60.淺談大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的中國(guó)文化認(rèn)同教育

61.英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文化類(lèi)選修課開(kāi)設(shè)的必要性和可行性

62.理工科大學(xué)生中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力調(diào)查與研究 

63.大學(xué)英語(yǔ)課堂中跨文化交際能力培養(yǎng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究 

64.高職英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中文化教學(xué)策略探究 

65.淺析跨文化英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊的傳播作用  

66.跨文化英語(yǔ)分子寫(xiě)作學(xué)建模的研究  

67.語(yǔ)言輸入與文化適應(yīng)——大學(xué)英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)略論 

68.跨文化英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)的系統(tǒng)工程分析 

69.文化導(dǎo)入在高職英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用  

70.體育文化與英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)  

71.對(duì)外漢語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生的中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力的研究

72.跨文化語(yǔ)境下的音樂(lè)院校中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究

73.如何提高英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生的中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力

74.大學(xué)跨文化英語(yǔ)教學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)模式和實(shí)踐模式

75.文化差異視域下的跨文化英語(yǔ)教學(xué)研究 

76.試論教改環(huán)境下跨文化英語(yǔ)教育

77.跨文化交際中的中國(guó)式英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)象淺析 

78.大學(xué)英語(yǔ)文化教學(xué)生態(tài)失衡與對(duì)策研究 

79.文化英語(yǔ)通識(shí)教育與藝術(shù)的智性模式 

80.以平行視角審視及反思中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化教學(xué)——評(píng)《中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)教程》

81.農(nóng)業(yè)院校非英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力研究 

82.旅游英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的跨文化交際 

83.跨文化英語(yǔ)教學(xué)與醫(yī)學(xué)生跨文化自主學(xué)習(xí)能力的培養(yǎng)

84.大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)缺失的原因及對(duì)策淺探

85.英語(yǔ)詞匯教學(xué)中的跨文化交際意識(shí)培養(yǎng)  

86.跨文化語(yǔ)境下大學(xué)生中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力的培養(yǎng) 

87.對(duì)來(lái)華留學(xué)生“中國(guó)文化”英語(yǔ)授課之探索 

88.跨文化交際教學(xué)本族語(yǔ)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力研究

89.牛津高中英語(yǔ)教材本土文化調(diào)查分析 

90.基于文化導(dǎo)向教學(xué)模式下的高校商務(wù)英語(yǔ)精讀教學(xué)策略

91.中西文化差異與商務(wù)英語(yǔ)教學(xué) 

92.從英語(yǔ)詞匯中的外來(lái)詞匯——漫談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)詞匯中的希臘文化

93.英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)教學(xué)中的中國(guó)文化意識(shí)培養(yǎng)——一份基于使用《閱讀中國(guó)》進(jìn)行文化教學(xué)改革的報(bào)告

94.西方文化視野下的參與式英語(yǔ)教學(xué)法探析 

95.跨文化交際背景下的英語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)文化內(nèi)涵探究

96.試析英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)中的文化內(nèi)涵 

97.新時(shí)期地方院校大學(xué)生中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力調(diào)查研究——以濟(jì)寧學(xué)院為例 

98.非英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)研究生中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力現(xiàn)狀與對(duì)策研究 

99.中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)與跨文化交際能力培養(yǎng)

100.高職院校英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中母語(yǔ)文化融入研究  

101.談如何把英美文化滲透到高職高專(zhuān)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中 

102.英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中的文化要素 

103.探析大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中母語(yǔ)文化的導(dǎo)入

104.從非英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)大學(xué)生看中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)力的缺失 

105.加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言意識(shí)培養(yǎng),提高學(xué)生中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)輸出能力 

106.英語(yǔ)教師中介作用與課堂文化教學(xué)相關(guān)性研究 

107.英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)課教學(xué)要滲透文化教育 

108.學(xué)生中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力的培養(yǎng) 

109.跨文化英語(yǔ)教學(xué)對(duì)提高大學(xué)生民族文化自豪感的影響 

110.對(duì)旅游專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力的調(diào)查研究

111.論中國(guó)文化的英語(yǔ)教學(xué) 

112.面子文化與大學(xué)英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)教學(xué)策略研究 

113.填補(bǔ)高校英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)文化教育空白——一項(xiàng)高校英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)開(kāi)設(shè)《中國(guó)文化》英語(yǔ)課的必要性研究 

114.大學(xué)生母語(yǔ)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力調(diào)查研究 

115.淺談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)教學(xué)中文化因素的滲透 

116.英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中非英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)研究生跨文化交際能力的培養(yǎng) 

117.跨文化語(yǔ)境下重視中國(guó)文化英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力的培養(yǎng) 

118.大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中文化輸入的問(wèn)題及策略研究

119.大學(xué)英語(yǔ)通識(shí)教育文化類(lèi)課程“反哺”教學(xué)初探

第5篇

On Culture Taboos in Translation of Trademark Words and Coping Strategies

Xu Huimin

Abstracts: With the advent of economic globalization, more and more commodities are going out of the country and have a share in world market. Trademark is a special language symbol and important component of commodity culture,representing the unique characteristics of the commodity. It is also a powerful weapon for enterprisers to participate in international competition. Good trademark translation can bring tremendous wealth to the enterprise while the adverse trademark translation can make the enterprise pay a heavy price; therefore the survival of the enterprise has an intimate relationship with trademark translation. Trademark translation should follow the principles of translation and pay attention to the cultural forbidden zone in trademark translation. Here are many ways to translate trademarks, such as pinyin, transliteration and so on, which should pay attention to the cultural taboos of different countries and nationalities in order to avoid unnecessary troubles. 

1.    Introduction

The emergence of trademarks as a symbol of enterprise, it is a bridge between producers and consumers in direct dialogue it is a powerful weapon for enterprises to participate in international competition. The deepening of China's opening-up and the increasing economic activity of foreign-funded enterprises in China has greatly enriched the economic life of the Chinese people and created many new economic and commercial activities for the Chinese people. A large number of domestic exports to all parts of the world, foreign goods also flooded into the domestic market. Legitimate goods have their own trademarks. Today, with economic globalization and regional economic integration, more and more Chinese enterprises in order to seek larger development space and seek higher economic effectiveness for go out of the country and tend towards the world. At the same time, our lives appear many foreign brands with the same idea and purpose. A company whether can set up its own brand in this time of rapid economic growth and gain more development space, the key depend on product quality and research and development. But once you out of the country, you will face different culture, language, customs... under the background of the international market. The trademark language is a kind of language different from the ordinary word, and the ordinary word comparison implication is more profound and the content enriches makes the people easy to remember. For example advertisement and translation of trademark will play a crucial role in the early stage. It is not an exaggeration to say that when an enterprise’s brand is in the international market, the name of the commodity translated appreciately or not. In a sense, it is directly related to the brand in the international market, in a way, is directly related to the enterprise brand in the international market.

Nowadays we can see all kinds of trademarks when we walking in the street. The trademark is has the remarkable feature of a commodity producer or business operator who use it in order to distinguish his goods from other people's goods. Therefore, in the circulation of commodities, trademark is the symbol of commodities. Some trademarks is a word, some trademarks are just a simple image design, while some signs are the combination of graphics and words. Taking trademarks advertising commodity has become an important way of enterprises to tap the potential of international market and promote the development of international trade. Trademark translation is the transformation from one language to another, and to maintain its original style and connotation. Nowadays more and more foreign goods are entering the Chinese market. Meanwhile, more and more Chinese products are selling goods all around the world. How successfully translate the English trademark into Chinese trademark has become a problem for many enterprises and the translator to consider, and if China's enterprises have intention to enter the international market, that must be consider how to have good translate for Chinese trademark the into the English trademark.

This paper starts from the taboo of trademark translation, analyzes the cultural taboos which should be paid attention to in the process of trademark translation due to different cultures of various countries. With the exchange of Chinese and foreign products, the translation of trademarks is inevitable, so the translation of trademarks plays an important role in the sale of goods outside the home. The first chapter mainly introduces the background and significance of trademark translation. The second chapter mainly introduces the method of trademark translation. The third chapter mainly introduces the different cultural taboos in different cultures, and the fourth chapter mainly puts forward some corresponding strategies for the cultural taboos in the world. The fifth chapter mainly summarizes the full content.

2. Translation Methods of Trademark

In the process of trademark translation, businessmen strive for trademark individuality, concise content, break through the rules of grammar, as far as possible with the least content text bearing the most corporate culture and commodity value, and to make consumers have the desire to buy the goods and facilitate the effect of memory.( 許金杞. 意美、音美、形美——英文商標(biāo)的漢譯[J], 外語(yǔ)與外語(yǔ)教學(xué),2002, (11): 48.).

2.1Transliteration

Transliteration is based on the pronunciation of English trademarks, which are translated in the same or similar pronunciation of Chinese characters. Its advantage is that it can maintain the original pronunciation advantage of the original brand and brand name, which can reflect the exotic atmosphere of the goods. Taking transliteration of trademark name is mainly composed of a person's name, enterprise name or other proper noun. This method is used in both English trademark translation and Chinese trademark translation. A common used for transliteration English trademark, such as Sony, L 'Orea, Nike, Casio, Revlon, Ikea etc.

2.2 Synthetic Phonics

Synthetic Phonics is to cut words or make words together, create a new word to translation brand name, make the brand name novel and interesting, impressive, and have abundant association. Therefore, it can play a role in the advocacy. Such as 新意達(dá)集團(tuán)“Newit” (New + Wit), 東方星鐘表“Eastar”(Eeast + star), 膚美靈化妝品“Skinice”(skin + nice), 金霸王電池“Durable cell” (Durable + Cell), 尤妮佳“Unicharm”(union + charm), 德生電 “Tecsun”(technology+ sun).

2.3 Spelling

The trademark taking spelling which is more simply and intuitive, and is named directly in the form of pinyin. Such as:大寶(DABAO)、六神(LIUSHEN)、華為(HUAWEI)etc. When we use pinyin to translate the name of an English trademark, sometimes it does not have corresponding words or expressions of Chinese. Some trademarks will be presented in the form of pinyin in the translation process, but the word may have different meanings in English-speaking countries. For example, there is a trademark called “FUCK Pincers”, which probably initials of the company name. But in English, the word means “cheating, cajoling” or even sex slang. Therefore, when we translate trademarks, we should be careful of each country of cultural differences and cultural taboos. Although the use of pinyin translation of trademarks have failed cases, but the use of Pinyin translation of trademarks have a successful case. Such as “Chun Lan”(春蘭空調(diào))and “Chang Hong”(長(zhǎng)虹空調(diào)). But these successes are in the minority. Some trademarks that use pinyin translation can be misleading, produce negative associations and cause ambiguity. Such as the lipstick brand “芳芳”, translated by pinyin as “Fang Fang”, but in English, the word “Fang” means “along, sharp tooth of a dog; a snake’s poison-tooth”. So, for cosmetics that want to make people beautiful, the translation is too different from its original meaning, and it can't arouse consumers' desire to buy. Although pinyin translation is relatively simple compared with other translation methods, but the trademark is only a sign, which usually loses the deep meaning of the original trademark. For example, “金龍” translates to “King Long”. The pronunciation of “金” and “King” is very close, and it has a noble meaning, and this conversion is reasonable. In China, “龍” is the symbol of Chinese culture, symbolizing the meaning of justice and prosperity, but the word “Long” in English pronunciation for “Wolf” so with the meaning of “龍” have a clear difference in meaning. In these cases, the loss of the original meaning of the trademark but also to foreign consumers puzzled, do not understand what these trademarks mean, thus affecting the sales volume.

2.4 Liberal Translation

The liberal translation refers to the translation according to the purport of the original text, not the word translation. Usually in the translation of sentences or phrases used more, liberal translation is mainly used in the original language and the translation of large cultural differences in the case. Liberal translation is more able to reflect the language characteristics of the nation. The transliteration of trade mark means that the translator has to abandon the literal meaning of the original text in order to conform to the original content and the main language function, which is based on the national culture and focuses on the cultural connotation. In other words, the transliteration is a completely literal translation. Such as “Red Bull”(紅牛飲料),“Microsoft”(微軟),The liberal translation, also called "Functional equivalence translation", usually only chooses the content of the original text and discards its form, which is a kind of translation after digestion. For example: “雀巢咖啡”translated into Nescafe. Nescafe is the abbreviation of Nestle Coffee, why do you have this translation? Because the coffee's outsourcing bottle cap is printed with the design of Nestle, its English is Nestle, and the “咖啡” translation is coffee, so in translating, The translator according to the meaning take two words together is “Nescafe”.

3. The Culture Taboos in Translation of Trademark

Because in international trade different countries have different social, historical and cultural backgrounds, a commodity often appears to be popular in one country, but in another it is neglected. This is because the translator did not take fully the cultural and historical background of the trademark translation into account, which led to the marketing failure. Translators should have a certain understanding of different countries of national culture and cultural taboos, there will not due to the mistake of trademark translation, result in the failure of commodity marketing. ( Nida, E. “Language, Culture and Translating”, 上海: 上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社, 1993.).

3.1 Taboos of National Psychology

National psychology refers to the character, temperament, emotion, value orientation, religious mentality and aesthetic psychology of a nation. Although the psychological model of a nation has the same characteristics as other nationalities, but most of them are different and mutually exclusive. The national psychological differences make people have psychological conflict in the people intercourse, and form the barrier of mutual intercourse. National psychology is the inherent psychological characteristic of a nation in the process of long-term evolution. Because different ethnic groups are affected by different ecological environment, religious belief and historical political and cultural background, different ethnic groups form different national psychology. Different national psychology has created different values and consuming psychology. The psychological mode of a nation inevitably influences its shopping mentality. In the process of trademark translation, if we ignore the national psychological differences, the good products will not be bought for the unacceptable translated trademark in sales place. Such as “帆船” carpet is also the traditional export products translated into junk results in the United States market no one to buy. Originally junk in English sailing accident also have rubbish, tattered meaning. Later it was translated into “Junco” to attract the attention of foreign people. Because of the different customs and morals of each country and nation, the translator should consider the culture and customs of the place of sale. The trademark of the  “太陽(yáng)神口服液” wants to show the world that the oral liquid can be full of youthful vigor, not directly translated into the "the god of the sun", the translator in the translation of the Cultural transformation, translated as "Apollo", the ancient Greek sun God's meaning, representing the light and youth, with the original language.

3.2 Element of Politics, Economy and History

Politics, economy and history determine the status of a country in the world, so it is a cultural taboo is an important factor to be considered in the translation of trademarks and a sensitive factor, so it is very important to take into account the political, economic and historical taboos in translation. Such as OPIUM perfume, inventor of the trademark in 1977 had been to China, he started from the Chinese snuff bottle modeling inspiration, created the "OPIUM" brand perfume, trademark means "OPIUM", translated as OPIUM will remind the Chinese of humiliation of the opium war, the strong national pride makes the perfume was listed in China slammed by consumers, and eventually banned due to violation of China's trademark law. Bear in modern economic terms, it can be matched with market, which means "market of falling market", popularly known as "weak city, market and bear market". Such words should not be used on trademarks.

3.3 The Variation of Culture Taboos in Different Countries

3.3.1 The Variation of Animal’s Symbolic Meaning

Panda: in China, they are seen as animals and pets, but in Muslim countries, they are seen as pig. African trademark also bans the panda.

Bats: westerners believe it is a symbol of terror, death and foreboding. Even kids know it's a vampire. However, in our country, it is regarded as a symbol of happiness, as an auspicious omen.

Elephant: in India, Sri Lanka and other countries are auspicious things and solemn symbols. But in some European countries, elephants have the same meaning as idiots

Owl: in our country, the owl is regarded as an ominous sign. In addition to the Swiss, westerners believe that it is the embodiment of wisdom, courage and toughness.

Peacock: in our country and south Asia, it symbolizes auspiciousness and beauty. India also sees it as a national bird, but Europeans see the peacock as a scourge.

Dogs: dogs in the west are seen as a loyal partner, protected by law. Instead, in some parts of northern Africa, people hate dogs and taboo dogs.

Cats: in many countries, they are considered pets. Europeans think cats can bring good luck. But many people in western countries think black cats are unlucky.

The crane: our country regards it as a symbol of good luck and longevity, while the French think the crane is a stupid man's name.

Rabbit: many countries think that rabbits are cute and docile, but in Australia they are the exception. Because rabbits eat grass, they are the bane of wool production, so they don't like the “rabbi” brand.

Phoenix: in our country is a kind of the miraculous animals, on behalf of the "lucky, happiness, and elegant. Chinese people  believed that a “鳳凰”bicycle can bring good luck, but in western culture legend phoenix is not dead bird, there is the meaning of" renewable "and" resurrection ", so the goods no takers in the west it is not surprising. A similar example of “喜鵲”,but the English word is “magpie” is talking about boring people in the west.

3.3.2 The Variation of Number Symbolic Meaning

0: Indians believe that the number ending in 0 is positive.

1: in the eyes of westerners, “1” means perfection and initiation.

3: the Greeks and Egyptians considered the “3” to be sacred, dignified and auspicious. Some western countries see this as an unlucky number.

4: North Korea, Japan and China think this number is unlucky. In the eyes of Japanese, it is lazy and useless. The Arabs thought it was immortal, so they attached great importance to this number.

7: Some Europeans and Americans think this is a good luck, while Singaporeans have the opposite idea.

8: this is a lucky number in China, which is very similar to the word "發(fā)", which people tend to choose when choosing a number. Singaporeans, however, say the Numbers are not good.

13: the west and Singapore think this number will bring bad luck and misfortune. So there are no 13 floors in western countries.

Digital deification also shows the difference between east and west. In our country “666”, “999”, “金六?!? “三元” and “13” these digital products, in the United States can see the “7-up”, “Modle Seven” and “7-eleven”and other trademarks of goods, but “666”, “13” goods exported to the United Kingdom and the United States will become a problem, because the “six” in the west is the symbol of the devil, 13 is an unlucky number. It is difficult for us to master the culture of each country, which requires us to accumulate knowledge to avoid the cultural taboos of other countries in the translation of trademarks.

3.3.3 The Variation of Color Symbolic Meaning

In China, green symbolizes life, red symbolizes passion, white symbolizes purity, and black symbolizes solemnity. In the United States, light colors are generally liked, such as ivory, light green, light blue, yellow, pink, light yellow, and they don't like purple. In France, people have imaginative about color. In addition, the color research and application is very exquisite, like red, yellow, blue and other colors. Bright-color is regarded as the symbol of vogue, luxuriant, nobility, so bright-color is popular in France. In eastern France, boys in fashion wear blue and girls wear pink. For Belgium, chrysanthemum means death, so similar to the chrysanthemum color won't welcome. For southern Belgium, girls love pink and boy love blue, ordinary people love the elegant grey. Avoid dark green, black and green color for Nazi uniform. It is not appropriate to use blue and yellow as a commercial in Sweden. Many countries like green, especially in the desert where Arabs see green as life, and green as a symbol of life for the flag. The Japanese, however, taboo green, who think green, is unlucky. In Malaysia, green is the symbol of disease. Westerners use white to symbolize purity, and black symbolizes death. Britain regards “red” as cruel and unlucky. In western countries, westerners regard white as a symbol of purity and beauty, and the bride's wedding dress is white, which symbolizes the purity and fidelity of love.

4.  Coping Strategies of Cultural Taboos in the Process of Translation

Trademarks are the unity of language and culture. Trademark translation, with the perspective of cross-cultural communication, accurately grasp, the surface culture and deep culture, which can turn the material value to the abstract spiritual value. It allowed consumers to understand the material value of goods and material language culture and spiritual culture. Goods are sold to different countries and regions, so cultural differences between different types and degrees are necessarily reflected in the language. Although the translator deals with individual words in trademark translation, the translator always faces two cultures. Facing with fierce competition, the translator must have a strong awareness of intercultural communication, and break the bondage of language form equivalence concept in order that bring out the sound and make all brand names of goods have broad market prospects.( [3] Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.).

4.1 Catering to Consumer Psychology

Culture affects all aspects of our lives. It restricts and regulates the process of feeling the world and forming ideas, thus forming some perceptual cultural determinism. These perceptual stereotypes affect people's values and consumer psychology. The translation of trademarks must take into account the cultural habits and aesthetic psychology of consumers. In international trade, it is not difficult to find that the product of the same trademark is popular in one place and suffers from a snub in another. It is important that whether trademark translation can cater to consumers' aesthetic psychology. A people said that "The translator must be a real cultural person". If the translator is not sufficiently knowledgeable about the language and cultural phenomena of the target language, it is likely to make unavoidable mistakes in language or culture. For example, the “白象” battery produced in our country is translated as “White Elephant”, originally in English, “White Elephant” meaning is “big and useless”. For example, there is a kind of electric appliance called “蝙蝠”, the Chinese will take their homophonic, “蝠-福氣”. When translated into “Bat”, it will cause Westerners to resent it because they hate the animal. It is important to know how to translate the correct trademark. The import trademarks translation needs to take into account the traditional culture of China and the consumption psychology of Chinese consumers. Foreign products enter the Chinese market, if they want to set up a good product image, and be loved by Chinese consumers, they should have a translation which is consistent with Chinese consumers' cultural habits and aesthetic psychology Such as the United States drink “Coca Cola”, a translator used several of its similar homophonic Chinese characters as their trademark name in its first sale in China, the result is no one buy, because these several Chinese characters together reminiscent of the shape of the tadpole, meaning of “啃蠟蝌蚪”. Later, a called Jiang Yi translator careful study of the translation of the “Coca-Cola”, not only retained the “cola” pronunciation, but also cater to the Chinese consumer's psychology, point out its “delicious” taste, and the “happy” effect. In a sense, “cola” can be sold in the Chinese market, which is a good idea of the translation has played a great role.

4.2 The Use of Concise Language

For trademark translation, consumers are impressed by the simple and easy to understand and easy to understand. Because of the significant differences in pronunciation, word formation, historical background and cultural tradition between Chinese and English, some of the most concise and powerful trademarks in one language may appear to be protracted and difficult to remember. For example the American beer “Budweiser”, translate into“百德威斯” is difficult to remember Obviously there is no “百威” to be concise, and "百威" makes people feel refreshed and infinitely powerful. The trademark translation should make the reader feel good, remember, love and be willing to buy its goods, such as “Panten”(潘婷), “Olay” (玉蘭油), the translation is elegant and pleasant to hear. Therefore, when translating trademarks, we should bear in mind the memory function of trademarks, make the translation straightforward and simple, easy to read and easy to remember, and try to avoid those lengthy and cumbersome ones, that is, no real meaning, difficult to read and hard to remember . The most important goal of trademark translation is to enable consumers to remember the products they represent through the translation of trademarks. Therefore, trademark translation must be simple, easy to remember and vivid image.

4.3 Reflecting Commodity Information

The function of a trademark is to illustrate the performance of the commodity and reflect the characteristics of the commodity. A trademark is also a concise advertisement. A commodity wants to open sale, besides the quality is good, the variety is opposite the road, the price is reasonable, very important one is the translation of the trademark. By trademark, people can have the most basic understanding of the commodity, as far as possible to the purpose of pre-sale. Therefore, the translation of the trademark should indicate the performance of the commodity from one aspect of the commodity, leaving a deep impression on the consumers. The translation must conform to the nature of the product and reflect its accurate positioning in the original text. For example: the world famous toothpaste brand Crest has the meaning of “Top, Peak point, Helmet” and so on, which makes people think of the “hard and hard surface protection”. If it can protect the teeth like a helmet, who can say no? Today, P&G products are almost everywhere in the world, and the “Safeguard” is particularly profound. The word is composed of “safe + guard”, safe means “safe, safe, reliable” and “guard” means “protection” two words together, became a “security”. This can make people think that the product is safe and does not stimulate the skin and can also play a role in skin care. The translation of the trademark should indicate the performance of the product and impress the consumers. Such as: the name “Benz” of Germany comes from the name of “KarlBenz”. In Taiwan, it was translated as “朋馳” and also translated as “本茨”. Although these translations are similar to the original name, the literal meaning does not reflect the performance of the goods, or it can be said to have no meaning. Now, "Benz" is translated as “Benz”, which is similar to the original name, which can also be thought of in the literal meaning of the translated name to the excellent performance of the car. Again such as “Nike” and “original intention”, the Greek goddess of victory, “娜姬”, “Nike” to the original feeling of propaganda object may be like a beautiful and victory, and the feeling of “Nike” to the Chinese tend to be more abrasion resistance, more in line with the consumer psychology of the Chinese . Excellent trademarks try to reflect the characteristics and advantages of commodities to cater to consumers' purchasing psychology. These logos are full of allegorical or inspiring people's rich associations to create an irresistible feeling.

The trademark language is a kind of language different from the ordinary word, and the ordinary word comparison implication is more profound and the content enriches makes the people easy to remember. Trademark language has several characteristics,F(xiàn)irst, the trademark language to have independence, only has the independent trademark to give the consumer the visual impact and the appeal, thus achieves the recognition and the approval goal. In other words, there could be no other identical trademarks. Second, the trademark language should be symbolic, trademark logo must have a high cohesion and profound implication. This requires businesses in the development of trademarks to the corporate culture, entrepreneurial spirit and the characteristics of enterprise products in the brand. Third, the trademark language should also be descriptive, refers to the trademark language generally implies the quality of goods, indicating its characteristics and performance. Four, the trademark language should also have the imagination characteristic, this can give the consumer an imaginary space, lets the consumer feel that uses this kind of product to have the unexpected effect. Five, use foreign words to do trademark language, according to their own cultural patterns, new things to be reconstructed.

第6篇

我國(guó)的小學(xué)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)期受到傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)模式以及升學(xué)壓力的影響,教師在教學(xué)中往往偏重于語(yǔ)言能力的培養(yǎng),忽視和淡化了英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的文化因素,導(dǎo)致學(xué)生學(xué)的都是“死知識(shí)”,不能在日常生活中靈活運(yùn)用,有時(shí)甚至由于自身對(duì)英語(yǔ)文化背景缺乏了解,從而使自己陷入尷尬的境地,造成學(xué)生對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的厭惡,使學(xué)生成績(jī)一落千丈。因此,教師在進(jìn)行基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)知識(shí)教授的同時(shí),應(yīng)把語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的傳授與文化教學(xué)有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來(lái)。與此同時(shí),在整個(gè)世界變得越來(lái)越小的今天,要想使我國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)走向世界,就需要更多的了解其他國(guó)家的文化,培養(yǎng)跨文化意識(shí)和跨文化交際能力。因此,文化教學(xué)尤其要從剛剛接觸英語(yǔ)的小學(xué)生抓起,這樣更有利于他們牢固地掌握文化知識(shí),在將來(lái)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中立于不敗之地。

二、文化教學(xué)在小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中存在的問(wèn)題

(一)以傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)模式為主

目前,我國(guó)小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師在教學(xué)中仍然以傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)模式為主,教師的講解占用了課堂大部分時(shí)間,學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)中處于被動(dòng)地位。這種灌輸式教學(xué)方法嚴(yán)重脫離了素質(zhì)教育的宗旨,抹殺了小學(xué)生的想象力、創(chuàng)新意識(shí)、積極性以及主動(dòng)性,偏離了現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)生活,不能與實(shí)際接軌。

(二)文化教學(xué)在小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教材中難以體現(xiàn)

目前小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教材或是不注重文化的重要性,缺少相應(yīng)的關(guān)注度;或是文化內(nèi)容單一,缺乏趣味性。與此同時(shí),部分教師注意到了文化教學(xué)的重要性,但是教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)卻有一定的偏差,缺乏一定的操作技巧。因此,在新課標(biāo)的背景下,更應(yīng)注重文化教學(xué)在小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教材中所占的比重,將語(yǔ)言知識(shí)與文化知識(shí)的傳授齊頭并進(jìn),使二者協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。

(三)小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師自身的文化素養(yǎng)難以滿足文化教學(xué)的要求

目前,我國(guó)小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師的文化素養(yǎng)還比較低,這將難以滿足當(dāng)前文化教學(xué)對(duì)英語(yǔ)教師的要求。一些小學(xué)教師在看待西方文化的態(tài)度上不夠客觀,在接納中西方文化的差異上有一定的偏頗。小學(xué)生很容易受到教師的影響,造成不良后果。

(四)小學(xué)生缺乏良好的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境

語(yǔ)言環(huán)境對(duì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)者的學(xué)習(xí)起到關(guān)鍵的作用。只有營(yíng)造適當(dāng)?shù)沫h(huán)境,小學(xué)生才會(huì)有真情實(shí)感,才能更好地學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。但是,由于英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)及語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)與漢語(yǔ)有很大差異,小學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)缺乏良好的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境。這就要求小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師在教授英語(yǔ)的同時(shí),應(yīng)盡量為學(xué)生創(chuàng)設(shè)良好的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境,讓學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)和生活中處處蘊(yùn)藏著英語(yǔ)的氣息。

三、小學(xué)英語(yǔ)文化教學(xué)的相關(guān)對(duì)策

(一)充分利用課堂教學(xué)的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)

在常規(guī)的課程中進(jìn)行文化教學(xué)可以使英語(yǔ)課堂產(chǎn)生“潤(rùn)物細(xì)無(wú)聲”的效果,于無(wú)形之中將英語(yǔ)文化滲透給小學(xué)生,這樣更有利于加強(qiáng)他們的記憶。例如,教師在每節(jié)課上課之前,可以利用幾分鐘的時(shí)間,讓一個(gè)學(xué)生把課下搜集的有關(guān)西方節(jié)日的習(xí)俗、英語(yǔ)中的成語(yǔ)、格言、諺語(yǔ)、神話故事等,向全班同學(xué)做口頭匯報(bào)。每節(jié)課前都由一個(gè)人來(lái)做這樣的匯報(bào),如此,該同學(xué)在準(zhǔn)備的過(guò)程中便把相關(guān)的英語(yǔ)文化牢牢掌握了,全班同學(xué)同樣有所收獲。

(二)有效組織英語(yǔ)文化活動(dòng)

學(xué)??梢远ㄆ诮M織一些英語(yǔ)情景劇、英語(yǔ)演講比賽、英語(yǔ)故事會(huì)、英語(yǔ)文化日等相關(guān)活動(dòng)。在活動(dòng)中盡量多設(shè)置一些角色扮演,讓教師和學(xué)生通過(guò)融入角色去體會(huì)英語(yǔ)文化的妙趣橫生,使學(xué)生真正成為英語(yǔ)文化學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中的參與者和小主人。通過(guò)自身的參演,獲得了鍛煉的機(jī)會(huì),同時(shí)也能真切地感受到西方文化的濃郁特色,增強(qiáng)對(duì)英語(yǔ)文化的感悟與理解,增進(jìn)自身對(duì)英語(yǔ)文化的熱愛(ài)。

(三)不斷強(qiáng)化教師自身的文化意識(shí)

英語(yǔ)文化教學(xué)要求小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師要始終保持與時(shí)俱進(jìn)的精神,把握時(shí)代的脈搏,努力使自己成為學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)道路上的指路人。作為教師要牢固樹(shù)立終身學(xué)習(xí)的觀念,不斷學(xué)習(xí)中西方文化間的差異,以適應(yīng)英語(yǔ)文化教學(xué)對(duì)教師的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和高要求。

(四)充分利用外籍教師的優(yōu)勢(shì)

學(xué)習(xí)一門(mén)外語(yǔ),與使用這種語(yǔ)言的人接觸是非常關(guān)鍵的,在某種程度上,這種接觸甚至是其他任何方式都無(wú)法取代的。由外籍英語(yǔ)教師直接授課,小學(xué)生便可以直接地進(jìn)行模仿性學(xué)習(xí),這在一定程度上可以彌補(bǔ)中國(guó)教師授課的某些不足之處,在英語(yǔ)文化的思想傳播、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言氛圍的營(yíng)造以及行為習(xí)慣和行為方式上對(duì)小學(xué)生起到潛移默化的影響作用。

(五)為學(xué)生創(chuàng)設(shè)良好的校園英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境

首先,校園廣播是深受廣大小學(xué)生喜愛(ài)的,為此,教師可以組織相關(guān)人員每天做一個(gè)有關(guān)中外文化方面的報(bào)道,內(nèi)容由學(xué)生自行搜集整理,這樣,學(xué)生走在校園里便能聽(tīng)到英語(yǔ),學(xué)到英語(yǔ),時(shí)時(shí)刻刻沉浸在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的氛圍中。其次,由于小學(xué)生很喜歡閱讀宣傳欄,教師可以在教室的一面墻壁上開(kāi)辟出一個(gè)專(zhuān)門(mén)的文化欄,讓學(xué)生自己動(dòng)手搜集整理一些有英語(yǔ)國(guó)家特色的圖片或文字,做成手抄報(bào)、剪紙等作品,貼在文化欄上。通過(guò)這一搜集和制作過(guò)程,不僅可以增進(jìn)小學(xué)生對(duì)英語(yǔ)文化的了解,同時(shí)也會(huì)激發(fā)他們對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的興趣,增進(jìn)他們對(duì)英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的了解以及對(duì)不同文化的熱愛(ài)之情,為他們以后的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)奠定良好的基礎(chǔ)。

(六)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生多渠道獲得學(xué)習(xí)資源

第7篇

商務(wù)交際的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)就是商務(wù)談判,如交易中商品的價(jià)格、發(fā)貨時(shí)間、付款方式、售后服務(wù)等都會(huì)涉及談判,談判不僅需要商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的使用規(guī)范得體,而且要求語(yǔ)言的使用符合對(duì)方的文化背景,及飲食文化等,不能觸到對(duì)方的禁忌,這樣才能順利進(jìn)行交際,最終促進(jìn)交易的完成。此外培養(yǎng)出良好的人際關(guān)系也有利于企業(yè)間加深并建立長(zhǎng)期合作關(guān)系,開(kāi)發(fā)更多的客戶(hù)。但是受高職學(xué)制的影響,商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)的人才培養(yǎng)方案和課程設(shè)置都過(guò)于重視學(xué)生商務(wù)英語(yǔ)知識(shí)和專(zhuān)業(yè)技能的培養(yǎng)和教學(xué),缺乏文化的教學(xué),使文化和語(yǔ)言知識(shí)脫節(jié)。這在表面上看確實(shí)是集中全部力量培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的知識(shí)技能,但是卻忽略了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí),培養(yǎng)出的人才只掌握了語(yǔ)言這個(gè)交流的載體,卻缺乏引導(dǎo)交流順利進(jìn)行的內(nèi)容,會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ),但卻不知道該說(shuō)什么,交流的不恰當(dāng)嚴(yán)重時(shí)會(huì)影響商務(wù)關(guān)系的建立。因此不了解對(duì)方的國(guó)家情況、地理環(huán)境、人文環(huán)境、文化風(fēng)俗、商務(wù)文化,就無(wú)法建立良好的商務(wù)關(guān)系。雖然通過(guò)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)教學(xué)確實(shí)培養(yǎng)出了許多有非常高的商務(wù)英語(yǔ)知識(shí)和技能的學(xué)生,日常的交往活動(dòng)中,也可以輕松自如地和外國(guó)人交流,但是在商務(wù)活動(dòng)中,因?yàn)閷?duì)對(duì)方的國(guó)家文化了解甚少,導(dǎo)致貿(mào)易無(wú)法正常進(jìn)行,或者給公司帶來(lái)貿(mào)易損失的現(xiàn)象也很多。

2商務(wù)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的現(xiàn)狀

學(xué)生是教學(xué)的主體,一切教學(xué)活動(dòng)都應(yīng)該從培養(yǎng)符合社會(huì)和崗位需求的人才出發(fā)。高職教學(xué)有別于本科的教學(xué),高職教學(xué)更注重學(xué)生的實(shí)踐能力,這是高職辦學(xué)的特色。一切學(xué)科都需要跟崗位需求相結(jié)合,高職商務(wù)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)也是如此,開(kāi)設(shè)了商務(wù)實(shí)訓(xùn)課程,努力使學(xué)生擁有實(shí)際操作技能,理論學(xué)習(xí)的同時(shí)加強(qiáng)實(shí)踐。因此,高職商務(wù)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的課程設(shè)計(jì)也是從這一目的出發(fā),包括語(yǔ)言和商務(wù)知識(shí)的傳授,同時(shí)進(jìn)行商務(wù)環(huán)境模擬。這是商務(wù)英語(yǔ)從業(yè)人員的基本素質(zhì)要求。只有語(yǔ)言能力過(guò)關(guān),商務(wù)知識(shí)專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)生才能從事對(duì)外貿(mào)易活動(dòng)。但是這兩點(diǎn)雖然具備了從事商務(wù)活動(dòng)的基本條件,但卻不能保證能夠順利開(kāi)展商務(wù)活動(dòng),這是因?yàn)楦鞣N交際活動(dòng)歸根結(jié)底都是人與人之間的交往,所以相互尊重,尊重對(duì)方的文化習(xí)俗,不觸碰對(duì)方的禁忌是根本保證,這就需要了解貿(mào)易國(guó)的文化和習(xí)俗。目前高職英語(yǔ)教學(xué)普遍對(duì)文化的重視性不強(qiáng)。

導(dǎo)致這一現(xiàn)象的原因有兩點(diǎn),一是學(xué)生沒(méi)有這方面學(xué)習(xí)的需求,高職的學(xué)生普遍基礎(chǔ)薄弱,缺乏學(xué)習(xí)的主動(dòng)性,而且對(duì)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)還是停留在過(guò)四、六級(jí)的需求上。雖然教師在課堂上有時(shí)也會(huì)給學(xué)生滲透一些文化知識(shí),但卻會(huì)有學(xué)生因此而反映教師教學(xué)不專(zhuān)注課本,課外知識(shí)導(dǎo)入過(guò)多。二是整個(gè)學(xué)生培養(yǎng)方案中沒(méi)有英美文化這樣的課程,因此教師在教學(xué)中按照大綱教學(xué)就不會(huì)進(jìn)行過(guò)多的文化知識(shí)的導(dǎo)入,了解文化差異是順利進(jìn)行交際的必要條件,只有交流順利才能進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的貿(mào)易談判、商務(wù)往來(lái),為了達(dá)到這一目的,一定要從教師和人才培養(yǎng)方案這個(gè)根本來(lái)明確文化的重要性,加強(qiáng)對(duì)學(xué)生的商務(wù)文化的培養(yǎng)。同時(shí)也要讓學(xué)生理解這類(lèi)課程設(shè)置的意義,調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性和主動(dòng)性。舉一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子,商務(wù)宴請(qǐng)是貿(mào)易往來(lái)中非常常見(jiàn)的一種活動(dòng),有利于促進(jìn)商務(wù)關(guān)系的建立和維護(hù),但是如果處理不當(dāng)也會(huì)適得其反。簡(jiǎn)單的一次宴請(qǐng)會(huì)涉及許多文化方面的內(nèi)容。如座位安排禮儀、餐具的使用禮儀、上菜的順序、搭配酒類(lèi)的習(xí)慣、餐桌上取食的禮儀、餐桌上交談的禮儀、用餐后或用餐中離席的禮儀,以及勸酒布菜的中西方區(qū)別,等等。此外如果宴請(qǐng)的對(duì)象是西方人,那么就要注意宴會(huì)時(shí)間的選擇,一定要在工作時(shí)間中進(jìn)行,因?yàn)槲鞣絺鹘y(tǒng)注重家庭和個(gè)人私有時(shí)間,占用他的休息時(shí)間,即使是商務(wù)宴請(qǐng)這樣的活動(dòng)也會(huì)給對(duì)方造成不快,同時(shí)也要注意按時(shí)參加宴會(huì)不要遲到。而在中國(guó)和日本等一些國(guó)家,商務(wù)活動(dòng)從業(yè)人員加班和應(yīng)酬是工作常態(tài),人們喜歡在酒桌上解決問(wèn)題,開(kāi)發(fā)客戶(hù),維護(hù)與客戶(hù)的關(guān)系。因此了解這些差異,盡量避免給對(duì)方帶來(lái)不快,是商務(wù)活動(dòng)能夠順利展開(kāi)的必要條件。

3如何在教學(xué)中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的文化意識(shí)

了解了文化對(duì)于國(guó)際貿(mào)易順利開(kāi)展的重要性和原因之后就要對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行文化的滲透和導(dǎo)入,來(lái)增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的文化意識(shí)和學(xué)習(xí)的興趣。那怎么來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目的呢?下面針對(duì)目前教學(xué)活動(dòng)存在的問(wèn)題來(lái)給出一些解決方法。首先,教師需要明確教學(xué)思想和教學(xué)目的。要從根本出發(fā),雖然學(xué)生是課堂教學(xué)的主體,但是在課堂教學(xué)活動(dòng)中,教師的思想行為和教學(xué)傾向性會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)重心產(chǎn)生影響,因此想要通過(guò)教學(xué)提高學(xué)生的文化水平,提升學(xué)生的文化意識(shí),就需要教師的教學(xué)思想和教學(xué)目標(biāo)重視文化的滲透和導(dǎo)入。其教學(xué)活動(dòng)是根據(jù)不同的商務(wù)環(huán)境、文化進(jìn)行實(shí)用型商務(wù)人才的培養(yǎng),在教學(xué)中教師一定要明確這一點(diǎn),只有從思想上真正認(rèn)識(shí)到商務(wù)文化的重要性,在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中,才會(huì)滲透商務(wù)文化,也才能從根本上改變現(xiàn)狀。目前有的教師本身就不重視文化在日常教學(xué)中的滲透,因此要督促教師從自身做起,提升教師自身的文化素質(zhì),這樣才能將文化知識(shí)傳達(dá)給學(xué)生,讓學(xué)生對(duì)文化的作用有所了解,調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和積極性。其次,運(yùn)用多種手段,采取周刊選讀、分組討論、網(wǎng)絡(luò)查詢(xún)等各種不同的方式來(lái)進(jìn)行教學(xué),通過(guò)任務(wù)教學(xué)法、情景教學(xué)法等多種方法讓學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的同時(shí)對(duì)其他國(guó)家的禮儀、文化、習(xí)俗都有一定的認(rèn)識(shí)和了解,提升學(xué)生的綜合素質(zhì)。教師可以借助網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源、有聲資料,盡可能多地讓學(xué)生接觸到文化知識(shí),同時(shí)要注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的團(tuán)隊(duì)合作精神和組織能力、交際能力。

通過(guò)社會(huì)調(diào)查、小組討論、案例教學(xué)、分角色扮演,進(jìn)行互動(dòng)式的教學(xué)。教師還需要掌握跨文化外語(yǔ)教學(xué)的具體方法和技能,在進(jìn)行課堂練習(xí)時(shí),要充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主動(dòng)性和創(chuàng)造性,盡量多地給學(xué)生交流發(fā)言的機(jī)會(huì),讓他們實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、商務(wù)知識(shí)和文化知識(shí)的有機(jī)融合,培養(yǎng)既具有語(yǔ)言能力又具有跨文化商務(wù)溝通能力的商務(wù)英語(yǔ)復(fù)合型人才。最后,要重視日常教學(xué)中跨文化知識(shí)的導(dǎo)入。因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)、商務(wù)和文化三者之間關(guān)系緊密、相互聯(lián)系,因此培養(yǎng)企業(yè)需求的實(shí)用型商務(wù)英語(yǔ)人才,就不能忽略對(duì)學(xué)生能力和文化的培養(yǎng)。所以我們需要培養(yǎng)既有扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)言能力,又有專(zhuān)業(yè)的商務(wù)詞匯和表達(dá),以及跨文化的知識(shí)多能型人才。我們對(duì)前兩項(xiàng)都非常重視,也一直是教學(xué)的重點(diǎn),而文化意識(shí)的培養(yǎng)就經(jīng)常被忽略,而這對(duì)于學(xué)生今后的交際和可持續(xù)性發(fā)展是非常必要的。我們無(wú)法要求老師在短短的三年學(xué)制中能教授學(xué)生所有的文化差異,這是根本做不到的,我們要做的是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的非語(yǔ)言交際能力,幫助學(xué)生意識(shí)到文化差異在交際中會(huì)引起的誤會(huì)和失誤,引導(dǎo)他們意識(shí)到文化對(duì)于交際的重要性,從而掌握學(xué)習(xí)方法和方向,具備繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)的能力。非語(yǔ)言交際是跨文化交際中非常重要的因素,據(jù)研究大概有70%左右的信息是通過(guò)非言語(yǔ)交際方式來(lái)傳遞的。因?yàn)榉钦Z(yǔ)言交際傳遞的信息不直接,只有相同文化基礎(chǔ)的人才能意識(shí)到,因此它所傳遞的信息甚至比語(yǔ)言所傳遞的信息更有影響力,一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的手勢(shì)或動(dòng)作,如果觸碰了對(duì)方的文化禁忌,就會(huì)引起誤會(huì),進(jìn)而會(huì)導(dǎo)致無(wú)法進(jìn)行正常的交際,更不要說(shuō)進(jìn)行商務(wù)談判與合作了。所以要重視不同文化中肢體語(yǔ)言所代表的不同意義,也就是不同文化下的非語(yǔ)言交際方式。在不同文化中,肢體語(yǔ)言的意義并不完全相同,各民族有不同的非語(yǔ)言交際方式。在日常教學(xué)中,高職學(xué)制只有三年,無(wú)法在課堂上進(jìn)行大量的跨文化信息的導(dǎo)入,但是可以讓學(xué)生課后多花點(diǎn)時(shí)間去查找與教材內(nèi)容相關(guān)的文化背景知識(shí),每節(jié)課拿出一點(diǎn)時(shí)間讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行講解。這樣既鍛煉了他們的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力及語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用能力,也掌握了文化知識(shí),如此在達(dá)到學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的同時(shí),也提高了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的興趣。

4結(jié)語(yǔ)